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rad bio > rad bio test week 2 > Flashcards

rad bio test week 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A statement that applies to sex chromosomes

A

numbered pair of 23 karyotype

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2
Q

term for an arrangement of of chromosomes from an individual’s cell, organized in pairs based on shape and size

A

karyotype (diagnostic graphic)

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3
Q

what is the probability or 2 parents , both carriers of a defective recessive gene, producing a homozygous child

A

50%

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4
Q

Agents that cause damage during embryonic or fetal development

A

teratogenic

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5
Q

ultrasound that would be helpful in detecting fetal

A

structural anomaities

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6
Q

what major factor leading to increased occurrence of cancer in the elderly

A

cumulative exposure to carcinogens

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7
Q

Theories about the causes of aging include

A

apoptosis, wear and tear, altered protein (amyloid) accumulation

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8
Q

what factors lead to delayed wound healing in the elderly

A

reduced rate of mitosis, inadequate circulation, high risk of infection

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9
Q

may develop in elderly obese patient

A

osteoarthritis and cardiovascular complication
decreased activity and diabetes mellitus
undesirable interactions with multiple prescription drugs and over the counter meds

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10
Q

term for the study of aging

A

gerontology

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11
Q

22 to pairs of chromosomes are

A

autosomes

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12
Q

Genes are composed of

A

DNA strands

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13
Q

Changes can occur because of an error in the process of meiosis or mitosis called

A

mutation

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14
Q

mutation may be _____________ or result from

A

spontaneous : exposure to radiation, chemicals, or drugs

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15
Q

HGP

A

Human Genome Project

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16
Q

HGP found that there are _____________ protein coding genes

A

20,000-25,000

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17
Q

Genes control all physical characteristics. There are specific patterns of inheritance called

A

Mendelian law

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18
Q

Contgeital anomalities

A

disorders present at birth due to genetics, inheritance, or developmental disorders

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19
Q

Birth defects occur in ____________ live births

A

1 of 28

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20
Q

Aminiocentesis

A

extraction of fluid from uterus to sample fetal tissue for testing

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21
Q

polygenic

A

Caused by multiple genes

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22
Q

homozygous

A

having two identical alleles at corresponding points on a chromosome pair

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23
Q

heterozygous

A

having 2 different alleles at corresponding points on a chromosome pair

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24
Q

The process of aging depend on age and

A

genetic make up, lifestyle, and health status

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25
Q

senescene

A

period of life from old age to death

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26
Q

In males, after age 30 T levels decrease

A

1% per year

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27
Q

natural hormone changes in women starts at

A

age 50

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28
Q

HRT

A

hormone replacement therapy

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29
Q

BPH

A

benign prostatic hypertrophy

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30
Q

During the aging process, what accumulates in the heart muscle

A

fatty tissue and collagen fibers

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31
Q

Hardening and loss of elasticity of the atrial wall

A

arteriosclerosis

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32
Q

development of obstruction by cholesterol plaques and thrombus on walls of large artieries

A

atheroscelerosis

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33
Q

Bone density x-ray

A

Dexa scan

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34
Q

low impact execises

A

tai chi and swimming

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35
Q

farsightedness

A

presbyopia

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36
Q

dry mouth

A

xerostomia

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37
Q

involuntary voiding of urine

A

incotience

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38
Q

The ______ is the basic functional unit of all plants and animals.

A

cell

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39
Q

the human cell is composed of about 80%________.

A

water

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40
Q

The _________ in the body provide fuel for cell metabolism.

A

Carbohydrates

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41
Q

The_____ in the cell are nucleic acids

A

DNA ans RNA

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42
Q

The most radiosensitive target molecule in the human cell is the__________.

A

DNA

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43
Q

The metabolic process of building large molecules from smaller ones is called_________.

A

anabolism

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44
Q

The ______ has the function of cleaning contaminants from the cell.

A

lysosomes

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45
Q

meioses is the process od cell division for ________ cells.

A

genetic

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46
Q

Before cells mature they are called _______ cells

A

stem, precursor and undifferentiated

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47
Q

CHONT

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, trace elements

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48
Q

A radiation effect that increases in severity with an increasing in dose is called a

A

deterministic effect ( nonstochastic)

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49
Q

Incidence of response increases with increasing dose

A

stochastic (probabilistic)

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50
Q

More than _____ of the body consists of hydrogen and oxygen.

A

85%

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51
Q

composition of body

A 
60% H
25.7% O
10.7% C
2.4% N
.2% calcium
.1% K
.1% Sulfur
.8% trace elements
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52
Q

named the cell as the biologic building block in 1655

A

Robert Hook

53
Q

Accurately describing a cell based on microscopic observation

A

Anton Van Lee

54
Q

Cell theory … cells are the basic functional units

A

Schneider and Schwann

55
Q

Described the structure of DNA as the genetic substance of the cell

A

Watson and Crick

56
Q

Breaking down of Macromolecules

A

Catabolism

57
Q

4 types of macromolecules

A

protein, lipids, carbs, and nucleic acids

58
Q

Enzymes

A

molecules necessary to allow biochemical reaction to continue

59
Q

Hormones

A

molecules that exercise regulatory control over some body functions such as growth and development
produced by the endocrine glands

60
Q

antibodies

A

primary defense mechanism to attack antigen

61
Q

lipids

A

composed of CHO (insulator and energy store)

62
Q

carbohydrates

A

composed of CHO (saccharides) provide fuel for metabolism

63
Q

Glucose

A

the ultimate molecule that provides fuel for the body.

64
Q

DNA

A

contains hereditary info

65
Q

RNA

A

involved in protein synthesis

uracil replaces thymine

66
Q

nucleotides

A

side rails are sugar-phosphate and rungs consists of hydrogen bonds

67
Q

Nucleus conatins

A

DNA, some RNA, protein and water

68
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

communication

69
Q

mitochindria

A

power house energy

70
Q

ribosomes

A

protein synthesis

71
Q

lysosomes

A

enzymes intra cellular contaminants

72
Q

S phase

A

DNA synthesis, replicated into 2 daughter cells, transferred from a structure with 2 chromatids to 4 chromotids

73
Q

G2

A

post DNA synthesis gap

74
Q

prophase

A

DNA takes structural form

75
Q

Metaphase

A

chromosomes appeared lined up along equator

76
Q

Anaphase

A

splitting of chromosome at centromere

77
Q

Telophase

A

disappearance of structural chromosomes into mass of DNA, closing of nuclear membrane cytoplasm dividing into 2 equal parts

78
Q

irradiation occurs through

A

indirect and direct effects

79
Q

human cells are most radiosensitive during, what phase

A

Mitosis

80
Q

The DQ is the _____ dose for irradiation

A

threshold

81
Q

Highest LET radioactivity particle

A

Alpha Particle

82
Q

proteins

A

provide structure and support

83
Q

statistical law for number of rain drops

A

poisson distribution

84
Q

low D 37 indicates

A

high radiosensitivity

85
Q

High D 37 indicates

A

high radiosensitivity

86
Q

single target, single hit

A

apply to biological targets such as bacteria viruses and enzymes

87
Q

multi target, single hit

A

apply to human cells

88
Q

D 0 is called the

A

mean lethal target, linear portion of the graph

89
Q

A large D 0 indicates

A

radioresistant

90
Q

A small D 0 indicates

A

Radiosensitive

91
Q

DQ is called

A

the threshold, a wider shoulder indicated greater ability to recover from SLD

92
Q

Human cells are most radiosensitive in

A

M

93
Q

Human cells are most radio resistant

A

late S

94
Q

stem cells

A

exists to self perpetuate and produce for a differentiated cell population ( extremely radio sensitive)

95
Q

transit cells

A

cells in movement to another population

96
Q

mature cells

A

fully differentiated and do not exhibit mitotic activity

97
Q

Do tumors reoxygenate at the same time

A

NO

98
Q

QF of x, gamma, or beta

A

1

99
Q

QF of alpha particles

A

20

100
Q

QF of protons

A

10

101
Q

Qf of neutrons

A

<10 kev 5
10-100Kev 10
100 Kev - 2 Mev 20

102
Q

alpha

A

Mass 4 charge + 2

103
Q

gamma and xray

A

0 charge and mass

104
Q

BETA

A

0 mass and 1 charge or -1 charge

105
Q

neutron

A

1 mass 0 charge

106
Q

electron

A

.0005 mass and -1 charge

107
Q

proton

A

1 mass and +1 charge

108
Q

radiolysis

A

splitting of water

109
Q

LET

A

linear energy transfer

110
Q

LET definition

A

the rate at which energy is deposited by charged particles as they travel through matter
Q2 square of charge/ v2 inversely proportional to the square of the velocity

111
Q

sparsely ionizing radiation

A

x,g low LET

112
Q

densely ionizing radiation

A

a,p high LET

113
Q

RBE

A

relative biological effectiveness

114
Q

RBE definition

A

the ability of radiations with different LET to produce the same biological effect

115
Q

pyrimidines

A

thymine and cytosine

116
Q

purines

A

adenine and guamine

117
Q

division delay

A

irradiated cells that disrupt the ratio of mitotic cells to the total number of cells

118
Q

OER

A

oxygen enhancement ratio

119
Q

radiation is more effective against cells that are

A

actively mitotic, undifferentiated, long mitotic future

120
Q

Hematopoietic

A

TBI induced by 100 to 1000cGY
LD 50/60 is 350 to 450 cGy
prodromal in hours nausa and vomiting
latent days to 3 weeks stem cells are dying but person feels well
manifestation 3-5 weeks after exposure hemorrhaging infection

121
Q

Gastointestinal

A 
1000 to 10000cGY
survival time 3 to 10 days
prodromal hours nausea diarrhea cramps vomiting
latent 2-5 days
manifest 5-10 days
122
Q

cerebrovascular syndrome

A

after 10000 cGy
death in several days of less
prodromal lasts minutes to hours confusion nervousness nausea vomiting
latent hours
death normally due to intracranial pressure

123
Q

preimplatation

A

conception to 10 days

124
Q

organogensis

A

newly formed ball of cells

125
Q

fetal growth stage

A

starts at end of week 6

126
Q

exposure to radiation during the first 2 weeks was called the

A

all or nothing response

127
Q

4 r’s

A

repopulation- cells may divide
redistribution-resistant cells survive
repair- repair of sld
reoxygenation -a portion of hypoxic cells will reoxygenate after a fraction

128
Q

HBOT

A

hyperbaric oxygen therapy

attempt to overcome hypoxic effect

rad bio (4 decks)

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