Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

rad bio > rad bio test week 2 > Flashcards

rad bio test week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

A statement that applies to sex chromosomes

A

numbered pair of 23 karyotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

term for an arrangement of of chromosomes from an individual’s cell, organized in pairs based on shape and size

A

karyotype (diagnostic graphic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the probability or 2 parents , both carriers of a defective recessive gene, producing a homozygous child

A

50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Agents that cause damage during embryonic or fetal development

A

teratogenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ultrasound that would be helpful in detecting fetal

A

structural anomaities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what major factor leading to increased occurrence of cancer in the elderly

A

cumulative exposure to carcinogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Theories about the causes of aging include

A

apoptosis, wear and tear, altered protein (amyloid) accumulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what factors lead to delayed wound healing in the elderly

A

reduced rate of mitosis, inadequate circulation, high risk of infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

may develop in elderly obese patient

A

osteoarthritis and cardiovascular complication
decreased activity and diabetes mellitus
undesirable interactions with multiple prescription drugs and over the counter meds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

term for the study of aging

A

gerontology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

22 to pairs of chromosomes are

A

autosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Genes are composed of

A

DNA strands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Changes can occur because of an error in the process of meiosis or mitosis called

A

mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

mutation may be _____________ or result from

A

spontaneous : exposure to radiation, chemicals, or drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

HGP

A

Human Genome Project

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

HGP found that there are _____________ protein coding genes

A

20,000-25,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Genes control all physical characteristics. There are specific patterns of inheritance called

A

Mendelian law

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Contgeital anomalities

A

disorders present at birth due to genetics, inheritance, or developmental disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Birth defects occur in ____________ live births

A

1 of 28

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Aminiocentesis

A

extraction of fluid from uterus to sample fetal tissue for testing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

polygenic

A

Caused by multiple genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

homozygous

A

having two identical alleles at corresponding points on a chromosome pair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

heterozygous

A

having 2 different alleles at corresponding points on a chromosome pair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The process of aging depend on age and

A

genetic make up, lifestyle, and health status

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
senescene
period of life from old age to death
26
In males, after age 30 T levels decrease
1% per year
27
natural hormone changes in women starts at
age 50
28
HRT
hormone replacement therapy
29
BPH
benign prostatic hypertrophy
30
During the aging process, what accumulates in the heart muscle
fatty tissue and collagen fibers
31
Hardening and loss of elasticity of the atrial wall
arteriosclerosis
32
development of obstruction by cholesterol plaques and thrombus on walls of large artieries
atheroscelerosis
33
Bone density x-ray
Dexa scan
34
low impact execises
tai chi and swimming
35
farsightedness
presbyopia
36
dry mouth
xerostomia
37
involuntary voiding of urine
incotience
38
The ______ is the basic functional unit of all plants and animals.
cell
39
the human cell is composed of about 80%________.
water
40
The _________ in the body provide fuel for cell metabolism.
Carbohydrates
41
The_____ in the cell are nucleic acids
DNA ans RNA
42
The most radiosensitive target molecule in the human cell is the__________.
DNA
43
The metabolic process of building large molecules from smaller ones is called_________.
anabolism
44
The ______ has the function of cleaning contaminants from the cell.
lysosomes
45
meioses is the process od cell division for ________ cells.
genetic
46
Before cells mature they are called _______ cells
stem, precursor and undifferentiated
47
CHONT
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, trace elements
48
A radiation effect that increases in severity with an increasing in dose is called a
deterministic effect ( nonstochastic)
49
Incidence of response increases with increasing dose
stochastic (probabilistic)
50
More than _____ of the body consists of hydrogen and oxygen.
85%
51
composition of body
``` 60% H 25.7% O 10.7% C 2.4% N .2% calcium .1% K .1% Sulfur .8% trace elements ```
52
named the cell as the biologic building block in 1655
Robert Hook
53
Accurately describing a cell based on microscopic observation
Anton Van Lee
54
Cell theory ... cells are the basic functional units
Schneider and Schwann
55
Described the structure of DNA as the genetic substance of the cell
Watson and Crick
56
Breaking down of Macromolecules
Catabolism
57
4 types of macromolecules
protein, lipids, carbs, and nucleic acids
58
Enzymes
molecules necessary to allow biochemical reaction to continue
59
Hormones
molecules that exercise regulatory control over some body functions such as growth and development produced by the endocrine glands
60
antibodies
primary defense mechanism to attack antigen
61
lipids
composed of CHO (insulator and energy store)
62
carbohydrates
composed of CHO (saccharides) provide fuel for metabolism
63
Glucose
the ultimate molecule that provides fuel for the body.
64
DNA
contains hereditary info
65
RNA
involved in protein synthesis | uracil replaces thymine
66
nucleotides
side rails are sugar-phosphate and rungs consists of hydrogen bonds
67
Nucleus conatins
DNA, some RNA, protein and water
68
endoplasmic reticulum
communication
69
mitochindria
power house energy
70
ribosomes
protein synthesis
71
lysosomes
enzymes intra cellular contaminants
72
S phase
DNA synthesis, replicated into 2 daughter cells, transferred from a structure with 2 chromatids to 4 chromotids
73
G2
post DNA synthesis gap
74
prophase
DNA takes structural form
75
Metaphase
chromosomes appeared lined up along equator
76
Anaphase
splitting of chromosome at centromere
77
Telophase
disappearance of structural chromosomes into mass of DNA, closing of nuclear membrane cytoplasm dividing into 2 equal parts
78
irradiation occurs through
indirect and direct effects
79
human cells are most radiosensitive during, what phase
Mitosis
80
The DQ is the _____ dose for irradiation
threshold
81
Highest LET radioactivity particle
Alpha Particle
82
proteins
provide structure and support
83
statistical law for number of rain drops
poisson distribution
84
low D 37 indicates
high radiosensitivity
85
High D 37 indicates
high radiosensitivity
86
single target, single hit
apply to biological targets such as bacteria viruses and enzymes
87
multi target, single hit
apply to human cells
88
D 0 is called the
mean lethal target, linear portion of the graph
89
A large D 0 indicates
radioresistant
90
A small D 0 indicates
Radiosensitive
91
DQ is called
the threshold, a wider shoulder indicated greater ability to recover from SLD
92
Human cells are most radiosensitive in
M
93
Human cells are most radio resistant
late S
94
stem cells
exists to self perpetuate and produce for a differentiated cell population ( extremely radio sensitive)
95
transit cells
cells in movement to another population
96
mature cells
fully differentiated and do not exhibit mitotic activity
97
Do tumors reoxygenate at the same time
NO
98
QF of x, gamma, or beta
1
99
QF of alpha particles
20
100
QF of protons
10
101
Qf of neutrons
<10 kev 5 10-100Kev 10 100 Kev - 2 Mev 20
102
alpha
Mass 4 charge + 2
103
gamma and xray
0 charge and mass
104
BETA
0 mass and 1 charge or -1 charge
105
neutron
1 mass 0 charge
106
electron
.0005 mass and -1 charge
107
proton
1 mass and +1 charge
108
radiolysis
splitting of water
109
LET
linear energy transfer
110
LET definition
the rate at which energy is deposited by charged particles as they travel through matter Q2 square of charge/ v2 inversely proportional to the square of the velocity
111
sparsely ionizing radiation
x,g low LET
112
densely ionizing radiation
a,p high LET
113
RBE
relative biological effectiveness
114
RBE definition
the ability of radiations with different LET to produce the same biological effect
115
pyrimidines
thymine and cytosine
116
purines
adenine and guamine
117
division delay
irradiated cells that disrupt the ratio of mitotic cells to the total number of cells
118
OER
oxygen enhancement ratio
119
radiation is more effective against cells that are
actively mitotic, undifferentiated, long mitotic future
120
Hematopoietic
TBI induced by 100 to 1000cGY LD 50/60 is 350 to 450 cGy prodromal in hours nausa and vomiting latent days to 3 weeks stem cells are dying but person feels well manifestation 3-5 weeks after exposure hemorrhaging infection
121
Gastointestinal
``` 1000 to 10000cGY survival time 3 to 10 days prodromal hours nausea diarrhea cramps vomiting latent 2-5 days manifest 5-10 days ```
122
cerebrovascular syndrome
after 10000 cGy death in several days of less prodromal lasts minutes to hours confusion nervousness nausea vomiting latent hours death normally due to intracranial pressure
123
preimplatation
conception to 10 days
124
organogensis
newly formed ball of cells
125
fetal growth stage
starts at end of week 6
126
exposure to radiation during the first 2 weeks was called the
all or nothing response
127
4 r's
repopulation- cells may divide redistribution-resistant cells survive repair- repair of sld reoxygenation -a portion of hypoxic cells will reoxygenate after a fraction
128
HBOT
hyperbaric oxygen therapy | attempt to overcome hypoxic effect

rad bio (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions