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Rad bio test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

1st deterministic effects of radiation

A
  1. acute rad syndrome
    - hematopoietic
    - gastrointestinal
    - cns
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2
Q

2nd deterministic effects of radiation

A
  1. local tissue damage
    - skin
    - gonads
    - extremities
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3
Q

3rd deterministic effects of radiation

A
  1. hematologic depression
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4
Q

4th deterministic effects of radiation

A
  1. cytogenetic damage
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5
Q

1st stochastic effects of radiation

A
  1. leukemia
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6
Q

2nd stochastic effects of radiation

A
  1. other malignant disease
    - bone cancer
    - lung cancer
    - thyroid cancer
    - breast cancer
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7
Q

3rd stochastic effects of radiation

A
  1. local tissue damage
    - skin
    - gonads
    - eyes
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8
Q

4th stochastic effects of radiation

A
  1. shortening of life span
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9
Q

5th stochastic effects of radiation

A
  1. genetic damage
    - cytogenetic damage
    - doubling dose
    - genetically significant dose
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10
Q

effects of fetal irradiation

A 
prenatal death
neonatal death
congenital malformation
childhood malignancy
diminished growth and development
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11
Q

deterministic effect

A

radiation response increase in severity with increasing dose ( within days)

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12
Q

stochastic effect

A

radiation response increasing with increasing radiation dose ( months or years)

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13
Q

radiobiology

A

study of effects of ionizing radiation on biologic effects

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14
Q

atomic composition of body

A 
60% hydrogen
25.7% oxygen
10.7% carbon
2.4% nitrogen
.2% calcium
.1% phosphorus
.1% sulfur
.8% trace elements
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15
Q

robert hooke

A

first named the cell as the biologic building block 1665

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16
Q

anton and leeuwenkoek

A

1673 described the living cell through microscopic observation

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17
Q

schneider and schwann

A

all plants and animals the cell is the basic fundamental unit 1838 ( Cell Theory)

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18
Q

Watson and Crick

A

1953 DNA as the genetic substance of cells

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19
Q

molecule composition

A 
80% water
15%protein
2% lipid
1% carbohydrates
1% nucleic acid
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20
Q

macromolecules

A

very large molecules that consist sometimes of hundred of thousand of thousands of atoms

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21
Q

organic molecules

A

proteins, lipids, carbohydrates

life supporting and contains carbon

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22
Q

catabolism

A

breakdown into smaller units of macromolecules

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23
Q

anabolism

A

production of large molecules from small

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24
Q

metabolism

A

anabolism and catabolism collectively

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25
protein
consists of amino acids and peptide bonds
26
protein synthesis
22 amino acids, the metabolic production of protein
27
enzymes
molecules that are necessary in small quantities to allow biochemical reactions
28
hormomes
molecules that exercise regulatory control over some body functions such as growth and development
29
endocrine glands
pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, and gonads
30
antibodies
primary defense mechanism of the body against infection and disease
31
antigen
infectious agent
32
lipids
glycerol and fatty acids composed od CHO present in all tissues and is structural components of cell membranes (thermal insulator)
33
carbohydrates
(saccharides) provide fuel for cell metabolism
34
purines
adenine and guanine
35
pyrimidines
thymine and cytosine
36
endoplasmic recticulum
channel that allows the nucleus to communicate to the cytoplasm
37
mitochondria
produce energy /engine of the cell
38
ribosomes
site for protein synthesis
39
lysosomes
contain enzymes capable of digesting cellular fragments | controls intracellular contaminants
40
cell proliferation
the act of a single cell or group to reproduce and multiply in number
41
genetic cells
include the oogonium of the female and the spermogonium of the male under goes meioses
42
somatic cells
all other cells | goes through mitosis
43
interphase
``` period of growth between divisions g1 pre DNA synthesis phase S synthesis phase g2 post DNA synthesis growth phase M slowly takes the form of chromosomes ```
44
prophase
nucleus swells, takes structural form
45
metaphase
chromosomes appear and are lined up along equator of nucleus (can be studied and mitosis can be stopped)
46
anaphase
splitting of each chromosome at the centromere connected by fiber to a pole pole is named spindles fiber is named spindle fibers
47
telophase
disappearance of structural chromosomes into a mass of DNA
48
meiosis
the process whereby genetic cells undergo reduction division
49
how many pairs of autosomes
22
50
autosomes can be organized into a diagnostic graphic called
karyotype
51
what genes composed of
DNA strands
52
mutation
changes that occur because of an error in the process of meiosis or mitisos
53
the HGP has found that there are ____________ protein coding genes in human chromosome
20,000-25,000
54
specific patterns of inheritance
Mendelian laws or patterns
55
congenital anomalies
disorders present at birth/ either genetic inherited or developmental disorder
56
birth defects occur in
1 out 28
57
aminocentesis
the extraction of fluid from the uterus to sample fetal tissue for testing
58
what is the name that refers to period of life from old age to death
senescence
59
HRT
hormone replacement therapy
60
BPH
benign prostatic hypertrophy
61
theories of aging
wear and tear, apoptosis, accumulated waste, increased degenerative changes in collagen and fiber
62
asterioscelerosis
hardening and loss of elasticity of the atrial wall with narrowing of the lumen
63
atheroscelerosis
development of obstruction by cholesterol plaques and thrombus on the walls of large arteries
64
bone density xray
Dexa Scan
65
low impact excersises
tai chi and swimming
66
presbyopia
farsightedness
67
xerostomia
dry mouth
68
incontience
involuntary voiding of urine
69
constipation is a carcinogen for what cancer
colorectal cancer
70
division of somatic cells
mitosis
71
division of germ cells
meioses
72
stem cells
which exist to self perpetuate and produce cells for a differentiated cell population
73
transit cells
cells in movement to another population
74
mature cells
fully differentiated and do not exhibit mitotic activity
75
what is a group of cells that perform functions together
tisssue
76
what is a group of tissues that perform functions together
organ
77
what is a group of functions that perform functions together
system or an organism
78
What is sparsely ionizing
low LET | xray and gamma
79
what is densely ionizing
high LET | neutrons, protons, and alpha particles
80
what is the dividing line between low and high LET
10 keV/micrometer
81
cell proliferation is defined by what two time periods
M and S phase
82
when are cells most radiosensitive
g2 and m
83
when are cells most resistant
s phase
84
Time of phases
``` G1 1-8hrs S 6-8hours G2 2-4 hrs M less than 1 hr total 10-20 hrs ```
85
direct action
radiation interacts directly with critical target within the cell dominant process of high LET and biologic material
86
Indirect action
radiation interacts with other molecules and atoms (mainly water) within the cell to produce free radicals which may diffuse and damage the critical target 2/3 of biologic damage is by low LET due to indirect action
87
possible outcomes of irradiated cells
apoptosis, no effect, division delay, and mutation
88
lethal damage
irreversible, irreparable, leads to cell death
89
sublethal damage
can be repaired , unless additional damage is added that leads to lethal level
90
potentially lethal damage
may be repaired when cells are allowed to remain in a non-dividing state

rad bio (4 decks)

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