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Gross Anatomy > Rad Anatomy Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Rad Anatomy Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of sound waves does musculoskeletal ultrasound use?

A

High frequency

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2
Q

Reflected sound waves provide what kind of information?

A

Information about depth, type of tissue, and tissue interfaces

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3
Q

What are the 4 types of echogenicity that describe a tissue?

A

Hypoechoic (black), Anechoic, Hyperechoic (white), Isoechoic

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4
Q

What are the 4 significant advantages of US?

A

Availability, low cost, noninvasiveness, and lack of known harmful effects

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5
Q

What is MSK US mainly used for detecting?

A

Detects tears or hypertrophy in injured superficial soft tissues

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6
Q

What are the different types of advanced imaging?

A 
Computed Tomography (CT)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Myelography (w & w/o CT)
Diagnostic Ultrasound
Nuclear Medicine
Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)
Mammography
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7
Q

What are the 4 main advantages of MSK US?

A

High-resolution soft tissue imaging, ability to image in real-time, facilitates dynamic exam, interactive

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8
Q

Is MSK US affected my metallic artifacts?

A

Minimally affected by implants and hardware

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9
Q

What are the 6 main DISadvantages of MSK US?

A

Limited field of view, operator dependent, incomplete evaluation of bones and joints, lack of educational infrastructure, limited penetration, lack of certification

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10
Q

What are the 6 properties of x-rays?

A

Travel in straight lines at the speed of light, cause crystals to fluoresce, cannot be detected by human senses, undergo differential absorption, cannot be refracted by a lens, produce biological effects

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11
Q

What is the path of the x-ray beam?

A

From source, through subject, to the film

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12
Q

What are the 5 parts of image formation?

A

x-ray tube, x-ray beam, object, film, image

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13
Q

What does the x-ray tube do in image formation?

A

source of electrons

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14
Q

What is the x-ray beam?

A

focused stream of photons directed at object

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15
Q

When are x-ray photons produced?

A

when electrons hit the target

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16
Q

What is the most central portion of the x-ray beam called?

A

Central ray

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17
Q

What is absorption of the x-ray beam dependent on?

A

Penetration dependent on density. Denser object = less penetration

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18
Q

What color will the film be if there is more beam striking the film?

A

black

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19
Q

What color will the film be if less beam is striking the film?

A

whiter

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20
Q

What color is the film with more tissue quantity/increased tissue density

A

Whiter = more opaque

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21
Q

What color will the film be if there is less tissue quantity/decreased tissue density?

A

Darker = more lucent

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22
Q

Are there more or less photons coming out of bone muscle and air?

A

Bone (least photons out), muscles, air (most photons out)

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23
Q

In a glass tube, there is bone, fat, water, and air; what is their order from darkest to lightest?

A

Darkest: air (lungs, trachea), fat (fascial plane, perirenal fat), water (muscle/organs), bone + water (fillings, markers, ortho devices): Lightest

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24
Q

Does metal show up light or dark in an x-ray?

A

Light - opaque

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25
Q

Least dense tissue is referred to as what?

A

Radiolucent, more black

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26
Q

Most dense tissue is referred to as what?

A

Radiopaque, more white

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27
Q

Readily allowing x-rays to pass through the object to strike the film is known as:

A

Radiolucent (blacker)

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28
Q

Not permitting the transmission of x-rays through the object to the film is known as:

A

Radiopaque, white (metal more opaque than bone)

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29
Q

What does projection mean?

A

Orientation of beam to patient

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30
Q

What does position mean?

A

Orientation of patient to film/equipment

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31
Q

What are the 3 common projections?

A

Anteroposterior/posteroanterior, lateral, oblique

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32
Q

In AP/PA, how does the central ray enter the patient?

A

Front to back (AP), back to front (PA)

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33
Q

What plane does the central ray enter the patient in AP/PA?

A

Horizontal plane

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34
Q

In which projection does the x-ray beam enter the side of patient?

A

Lateral

35
Q

In what plane does lateral projection occur?

A

Coronal (left to right, right to left)

36
Q

What are the two options when naming lateral projection?

A

Left lateral, right lateral

37
Q

During left lateral projection, which side of the patient is against the film?

A

Left side (beam travels from right to left)

38
Q

In which projection is the patient positioned obliquely to the film?

A

Oblique, central ray passes through the patient at a 45 degree

39
Q

In what plane does oblique projection occur?

A

45 degrees to their coronal and sagittal planes

40
Q

What are the 4 options when naming oblique projections?

A

Right/Left Anterior Oblique, Right/Left Posterior Oblique - named for the body part that is against the film

41
Q

What are the 4 different body positions?

A

Upright, recumbent, oblique, and decubitus

42
Q

What are the minimum diagnostic series?

A

Minimal 2 views perpendicular to each other (90 degrees)

43
Q

What are the standards for choice of positioning?

A

Place structures closest to film, patient’s clinical presentation, patient’s size, patient protection, differential diagnoses

44
Q

What are informational markers?

A

Markers that provide info about the patient, the doctor/facility, side of patient/patient positioning

45
Q

Mitchell Markers

A

Metal markers, taped to cassette, label anatomical side of patient (AP/PA), label side of patient closest to film (laterals/obliques)

46
Q

What is in the middle of a mitchell marker?

A

BBs (lead), gravity dependent to depict orientation of the cassette when the x-ray is taken

47
Q

What other info can markers show?

A

Type of study, patient positioning, technologist, facility

48
Q

Can you identify which side of the patient is toward the film without a marker?

A

No

49
Q

What does the name blocker contain?

A

Patient’s name, gender, age, Doctor’s name, facility, date of study

50
Q

Composite shadowgram

A

representing the sum of the densities interposed between the beam source and the film

51
Q

What is superimposition affected by?

A

The superimposition of objects is affected by their anatomical relationships in various planes

52
Q

What is not affected by superimposition?

A

The order (AP vs PA) that the beam strikes the objects

53
Q

What is projection and superimposition affected by?

A

The objects relationship to the central ray

54
Q

Magnification equation

A

O (object) = I (image size) x CF (correction factor)

55
Q

CF

A

D(total film distance) - d (object film distance) / D(total film distance)

56
Q

Magnification of R & L articular pillars of cervical spine are how many cm from film?

A

R - 15 cm

L - 19 cm

57
Q

What is TFD?

A

Total Film Distance = 72” (180cm)

58
Q

What are the correction factors (CFs) for right and left magnification?

A

CFR - 180-15/180 = .916
1/.916 = 1.092 cm = image size
CFL - 180-19/180 = .894
1/.894 = 1.119 cm = image size (.027 mm smaller)

59
Q

Collimation

A

Shutters (barn door) block peripheral portions of beam. Uses most central portion of beam

60
Q

What does collimation do?

A

Limits size of x-ray beam field, use smallest area possible for good x-ray, decreases scatter radiation, decreases patient dose, achieves better detail, tube light simulates x-ray beam

61
Q

Compact bone

A

Cortex: outer shell of bone, encloses the medullary bone, covered by periosteum, homogenous density on x-ray

62
Q

Spongy bone/Cancellous Bone

A

The network of trabeculae in the medullary portion of the bone

63
Q

Periosteum

A

Fibrous outer layer of bone, responsible for membranous bone formation, attachment of tendons and ligaments, contains vascular supplies for the bone

64
Q

Is normal periosteum distinguishable on an x-ray?

A

No

65
Q

Flat bones

A

ribs, sternum, scapula, cranium, iliac wing

66
Q

Short/Square bones

A

carpals, tarsals, vertebrae

67
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

embedded in tendons

68
Q

Long/tubular bones

A

femur, humerus

69
Q

What is the articular end of the long bone?

A

Epiphysis. Separated from the rest of the bone by the physis (growth plate)

70
Q

What is the tapering portion between the physis and the shaft (diaphysis)?

A

Metaphysis. The site of growth and greatest metabolic activity

71
Q

What is the shaft of the bone?

A

Diaphysis. Medullary cavity filled with red marrow

72
Q

What are apophyses?

A

Tuberosities, tubercles, trochanters, processes, spines/spinouses (osseous projections from the general shap of the bone)

73
Q

What are the ABCS of evaluation?

A

Alignment, Bone, Cartilage, Soft tissue

74
Q

Alignment

A

Evaluate for spatial relationship structures, look for offset of articular margins, evaluate structures for proper position, measurements

75
Q

Bone

A

Evaluate for shape, size, cortical integrity, internal matrix, radiographic density, specific structures

76
Q

Cartilage

A

Evaluate for joint shape, joint size, radiographic density

77
Q

Can cartilage be visualized on plain film?

A

No, it is represented by the space that it occupies

78
Q

Soft tissues

A

Evaluate shape, size, position, radiographic density

79
Q

What are the 5 steps of evaluation?

A
  1. Identify the study 2. Identify the informational markers 3. Note collimation, shielding, and artifacts Step 4. Note the technical quality of the film 5. Evaluate anatomy using ABCs search pattern
80
Q

Step 1: The Study

A

Anatomy visualized, number of films, projections, use of contrast media

81
Q

Step 2: Information

A

Name blocker, Qualification of study (position, type), timing of certain studies

82
Q

Step 3: Collimation

A

Collimation, shielding, artifacts

83
Q

Step 4: Film Quality

A

Diagnostic quality, proper positioning, entire area visualized

84
Q

Step 5: Use search pattern

A

ABCs

Gross Anatomy (9 decks)

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