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Gross Anatomy > Gross Anatomy Exam II > Flashcards

Gross Anatomy Exam II Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 5 parts of the clavicle

A
  1. Shaft 2. Sternal end 3. Acromial end 4. Superior surface 5. Inferior surface
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2
Q

How is the shaft of the clavicle curved?

A

Medial half is convex anteriorly. Lateral half is concave anteriorly.

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3
Q

What does the sternal end of the clavicle articulate with?

A

Articulates with the manubrium

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4
Q

What does the Acromial end of the clavicle articulate with?

A

Articulates with acromion of scapula

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5
Q

What are the two features found on the inferior surface and at the acromial end of the clavicle?

A

conoid tubercle and trapezoid line

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6
Q

The subclavian groove found on the inferior surface of the clavicle is the site of attachment for what muscle?

A

Subclavius m

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7
Q

What is the most common reason for a fractured clavicle?

A

Fall on an outstretched hand (FOOSH)

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8
Q

What is the weakest part of the clavicle?

A

The junction between its middle and lateral thirds

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9
Q

What happens to the muscles and shoulder after a clavicle fracture?

A

SCM elevates the medial portion of clavicle. Trapezius m unable to hold up lateral clavicle, shoulder drops

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10
Q

Which ribs does the scapula overly?

A

Ribs 2-7

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11
Q

The spine of the scapula contains what 3 aspects?

A

Deltoid tubercle, acromion, spinoglenoid notch

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12
Q

The glenoid fossa of the scapula contains which two tubercles?

A

Supraglenoid, infraglenoid

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13
Q

The humerus articulates with which aspect of the scapula?

A

Glenoid fossa (glenohumeral joint)

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14
Q

What is the anterolateral projection of the scapula, superior to the glenoid fossa?

A

Coracoid process

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15
Q

What is the largest bone in the upper limb?

A

Humerus

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16
Q

The distal condyle of the humerus is formed by what 5 aspects?

A

Capitulum, radial fossa, trochlea, coronoid fossa, and olecranon fossa

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17
Q

What type of humerus fracture occurs due to a severe fall on a flexed elbow?

A

Intercondylar fracture (may damage median or ulnar n)

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18
Q

What type of fracture occurs as a result from a direct blow?

A

Transverse fractures of shaft (radial n at risk for damage)

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19
Q

What type of humerus fracture is most common in elderly?

A

Proximal fracture at surgical neck. Due to fall on hand. Axillary n at risk.

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20
Q

What type of humerus fracture is due to a FOOSH?

A

Spiral fracture of shaft. Radial n at risk.

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21
Q

What is the stabilizing bone of the forearm?

A

Ulna

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22
Q

Which forearm bone participates in the wrist joint?

A

Radius, the ulna does not participate in the wrist

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23
Q

Which forearm bone crosses over the other in pronation?

A

The radius crosses the ulna in pronation

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24
Q

Which end of the ulna is the largest?

A

The proximal end of the ulna is the largest, it is specialized for articulation with humerus proximally and radius laterally

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25
Q

A complete transverse fracture of the distal 2cm of radius is what kind of fracture?

A

Colle’s fracture

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26
Q

Fracture of radius and ulna is most common in what age group?

A

Adults 50 and over - more common in women due to osteoporosis

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27
Q

A “dinner fork deformity” occurs with what type of fracture?

A

Fracture of radius and ulna: distal fragment of radius is displaced posteriorly, a posterior angulation happens in the forearm just proximal to the wrist

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28
Q

What are the 8 carpal bones?

A

Proximal: Scaphoid, lunate, triquitrum, pisiform
Distal: Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

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29
Q

Trapezium articulates with which metacarpals?

A

1st and 2nd metacarpals

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30
Q

Which carpal bone articulates with the 3rd metacarpal?

A

Capitate

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31
Q

Which carpal bone only articulates with the 2nd metacarpal?

A

Trapezoid

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32
Q

The hamate articulates with which metacarpals?

A

4th and 5th metacarpals

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33
Q

What is the most common fractured carpal bone?

A

Scaphoid

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34
Q

A scaphoid fracture is the result of what type of fall?

A

Fall on the palm when hand is ABD

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35
Q

What might occur after the scaphoid has healed from a fracture?

A

Avascular necrosis

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36
Q

What are the 3 joints of the upper limb?

A

Scapulothoracic, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular joints

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37
Q

What joint is located between the anterior scapula and posterior ribs?

A

Scapulothoracic joint (not really a true joint)

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38
Q

What joint is the only articulation between upper limb and axial skelton?

A

Sternoclavicular joint

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39
Q

What joint type is the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Synovial joint, saddle-joint between manubrium and clavicle (functions as ball and socket)

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40
Q

The sternoclavicular joint is divided into two compartments by what?

A

Fibrocartilage articular disc

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41
Q

The costoclavicular ligament is part of which joint?

A

Sternoclavicular joint

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42
Q

Which ligament limits elevation of pectoral girdle and limits clavicle from lifting up?

A

Costoclavicular ligament

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43
Q

What are the four ligaments of the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Costoclavicular, anterior sternoclavicular, posterior sternoclavicular, and interclavicular (superior)

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44
Q

Where is the AC joint located?

A

2-3cm from “point of shoulder”

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45
Q

What type of joint is the AC joint?

A

Synovial joint, plane joint between clavicle and acromion

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46
Q

The coracoclavicular ligament is composed of what two ligaments?

A

Trapezoid ligament, conoid ligament

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47
Q

What are the two main ligaments of the AC joint?

A

coracoclavicular ligament, the acromioclavicular ligament

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48
Q

Is the sternoclaviular joint weak or strong?

A

Strong

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49
Q

Is the AC joint weak or strong?

A

Weak

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50
Q

How does a separated shoulder occur?

A

Direct blow to AC joint in contact sports, FOO upper limb or shoulder

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51
Q

How many “types” of separated shoulder injuries are there?

A
  1. Type 3 being total separation
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52
Q

The upper limb is composed of what fascial layers?

A

Superficial fascia (fat), Deep fascia

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53
Q

What is the primary joint of the scapular region?

A

Glenohumeral joint

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54
Q

The glenoid fossa accepts how much of the humeral head in the glenohumeral joint?

A

a little more than a third

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55
Q

The glenohumeral joint is held in the glenoid fossa by which four muscles?

A

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis (rotator cuff)

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56
Q

The glenoid fossa is deepened by what feature?

A

glenoid labrum

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57
Q

What are the four ligaments of the glenohumeral joint?

A

Glenohumeral ll, coracohumeral l, coracoacromial l, transverse humaral l

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58
Q

Which ligament strengthens the glenohumeral joint superiorly?

A

coracohumeral l

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59
Q

The coracoacromial arch is made up of what 3 aspects?

A

Inferior acromion and coracoid process and the coracoacromial ligament

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60
Q

Where does the transverse humeral ligament pass?

A

Passes obliquely from lesser to greater tubercles of humerus

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61
Q

What are the 3 parts of the glenohumeral deep fascia?

A

Deltoid fascia, supraspinous fascia and infraspinous fascia

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62
Q

Which scapulohumeral muscle acts as a shunt muscle?

A

Deltoid. Helps resist dislocating forces

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63
Q

The quadrangular space is made of up what borders?

A

Superior: teres minor
Inferior: teres major
Lateral: surgical neck of humerus
medical: long head triceps brachii

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64
Q

What artery and nerve reside in the quadrangular space?

A

Axillary n. & posterior humeral circumflex a.

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65
Q

The long head triceps brachii m, teres minor m, and teres major m are the borders of what muscular space?

A

Triangular space

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66
Q

What artery is located in the triangular space?

A

Circumflex scapular a

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67
Q

The teres major m, long head triceps brachii m, and lateral head triceps brachii m make up which muscular space?

A

Triangular interval

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68
Q

The radial n and profunda brachii a can be found in which muscular space?

A

Triangular interval

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69
Q

The deltoid m will atrophy due to injury to which nerve?

A

Axillary n

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70
Q

What are main causes of injury to the axillary n?

A

Fracture of surgical neck, dislocation of the GH joint, compression by improper use of crutches, intramuscular injections

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71
Q

If the axillary n is injured, where would a patient feel loss of sensation?

A

Lateral part of proximal arm

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72
Q

Which muscle tendon of the rotator cuff muscles is most commonly injured?

A

Supraspinatus tendon. Deltoid will take over

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73
Q

What are the two main deep fascias of the pectoral region?

A

Pectoral fascia & clavipectoral fascia

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74
Q

What are the four muscles that moves the pectoral girdle?

A

Pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, subclavius, and serratus anterior

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75
Q

The deltopectoral groove is formed by which two muscles?

A

Pectoralis major and deltoid m - contains cephalic v

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76
Q

What are the borders of the clavicpectoral (deltopectoral) triangle?

A

Superior: clavicle
Medial: pectoralis major
Lateral: deltoid

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77
Q

Which muscle is nicknamed the “boxer’s muscle?”

A

Serratus anterior (pushing away, punching)

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78
Q

A winged scapula is due to injury to which nerve?

A

Long Thoracic n

79
Q

Which nerve is most at risk for injury during a knife fight?

A

Long thoracic n

80
Q

What is the Apex of the axilla bounded by?

A

1st rib, clavicle, and superior border of scapula

81
Q

The Base of the axilla forms what structure?

A

Axillary fossa (armpit) bounded by anterior and posterior axillary folds

82
Q

The posterior wall of the axilla is formed by what structures?

A

scapula, subscapularis, teres major, and latissimus dorsi

83
Q

What does the medial wall of the axilla contain?

A

1st-4th ribs, intercostal mm, and serratus anterior m

84
Q

The intertubercular groove of the humerus forms which wall of the axilla?

A

Lateral wall

85
Q

The axillary artery is a continuation of which artery?

A

Subclavian a

86
Q

The axillary artery ends at inferior border of teres major and becomes which artery?

A

Brachial a

87
Q

The axillary artery is divided into 3 parts by which muscle?

A

Pectoralis minor

88
Q

What is the only branch of the 1st part of the axillary artery?

A

Superior thoracic a

89
Q

The second part of the axillary artery contains what two branches?

A

Thoracoacromial trunk and lateral thoracic a

90
Q

What are the four branches of the thoracoacromial trunk?

A

Clavicular, acromial, deltoid, and pectoral

91
Q

What are the three branches of the third part of the axillary artery?

A

Subscapular a, anterior humeral circumflex a, posterior humeral circumflex a

92
Q

3 Functions of the clavicle

A
  1. Moveable strut that suspends scapula and free limb
  2. One of the boundaries of the cervico-axillary canal
  3. Transmits shocks to axial skeleton
93
Q

Scapular anastomosis involves which 3 arteries?

A

Dorsal scapular a, suprascapular a, circumflex scapular a

94
Q

What are the 5 groups of axillary lymph nodes?

A

pectoral (anterior) nodes, subscapular (posterior) nodes, humeral (lateral) nodes, central nodes, apical nodes

95
Q

Which axillary lymph nodes receive lymph from 75% of the breast?

A

Pectoral nodes

96
Q

Which node group is located in the apex of the axilla?

A

Apical nodes

97
Q

The brachial plexus is formed by the union of VPR of which vertebral nerves?

A

C5-C8 and T1

98
Q

The brachial plexus is divided into what 5 groups?

A

Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords, Branches (rugby teams drink cold beer)

99
Q

Brachial plexus lesions can occur as far up as what aspects?

A

Roots or trunks

100
Q

Are complete lesions or partial lesions more common in the brachial plexus?

A

Partial lesions

101
Q

Damage to superior trunk of the upper brachial plexus is also known as…?

A

Eer-Duchenne palsy

102
Q

What is the result of Erb-Duchenne palsy?

A

Paralysis of muscles of shoulder and arm

103
Q

What is the clinical representation of “waiter’s tip position” in a patient with an upper brachial plexus injury?

A

ADD upper limb, medially rotated arm, extended elbow

104
Q

Is there sensory loss in upper brachial plexus injuries?

A

Yes, loss dues to superior lateral brachial cutaneous n., lateral antebrachial cutaneous n

105
Q

What type of cause of injury affects the lower brachial plexus?

A

Upper limb is suddenly pulled superiorly

106
Q

Klumpke palsy is an injury to what part of the brachial plexus?

A

Inferior trunk (C8-T1)

107
Q

How is the hand affected after a lower brachial plexus injury?

A

short muscles of the hand are affected resulting in “claw hand”

108
Q

What two movement occur at the elbow joint?

A

flexion/extension

supination/pronation

109
Q

What 4 muscles perform the movements that occur at the elbow joint?

A

biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis, triceps brachii

110
Q

What are the two articulations of the elbow joint?

A

Humeroulnar, humeroradial

111
Q

At the humeroulnar joint, the coronoid process of ulna contacts cornoid fossa of humerus during what action?

A

Flexion

112
Q

At the humeroulnar joint, the olecranon of ulna contacts olecranon fossa of humerus during what action?

A

Extension

113
Q

What type of joint is the elbow joint?

A

Synovial, hinge joint

114
Q

The ulnar collateral ligament is formed by what 3 parts?

A

Anterior band, posterior band, inferior (oblique) band

115
Q

The radial collateral ligament is the main ligament for which joint?

A

Humeroradial joint

116
Q

What are the 3 types of bursae around the elbow joint?

A

Subtendinous olecranon bursa, intratendinous olecrenon bursa, subcutaneous olecranon bursa

117
Q

“Student’s elbow” is a result of bursitis of which elbow bursa?

A

Subcutaneous olecranon bursa, repeated excessive pressure and friction cause bursa to become inflamed

118
Q

A dislocation of the elbow joint typically results from what type of actions?

A

Fall to the hand when elbow is flexed, hyperextension, blow that drives ulna posterior and posterolateral

119
Q

What ligament is often torn after a dislocation of the elbow joint?

A

Ulnar collateral ligament, ulnar n might be injured as well

120
Q

If the ulnar n. is injured as a result from a dislocation of the elbow joint, what symptoms might occur?

A

Numbness of the little finger, weakness of flexion, weakness of ulnar deviation of the wrist

121
Q

What type of fascia covers the arm & elbow?

A

Brachial fascia, continuous inferiorly with antebrachial fascia

122
Q

What percentage of people have a third head to their biceps brachii?

A

10%

123
Q

Does the biceps brachii attach to the humerus?

A

No, Origin: coracoid process, supraglenoid tubercle. Insertion: Tuberosity of the radius

124
Q

Which muscle is the primary mover of flexion of the forearm?

A

Brachialis m. Biceps brachii supinates forearm, and flexes it while supinated

125
Q

Which head of biceps brachii is most prone to biceps tendinitis?

A

Long head of the biceps brachii, as it moves in the IT groove (inflammation results from repetitive microtrauma)

126
Q

Popeye Deformity is the result of what type of injury?

A

Rupture of tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii (tendon torn from supraglenoid tubercle) – distal end

127
Q

What muscles are affected when the musculocutaneous n. is injured?

A

Biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis m. (usually by knife)

128
Q

If shoulder flexion is weakened, flexion of the elbow joint weakened, and supination of forearm is weakened; what nerve has been injured?

A

Musculocutaneous n.

129
Q

Which head of the triceps brachii is the “workhorse?”

A

Medial head, active in extension at all speeds, active in the presence or absence of resistance

130
Q

Which head of the triceps brachii is the strongest?

A

The lateral head. The lateral head is recruited primarily against resistance

131
Q

Which muscle directly assists the triceps brachii muscle?

A

Anconeus

132
Q

Which nerve has been injured if the triceps brachii, brachioradialis, supinator, and extensors of wrist and fingers have been affected?

A

Radial n

133
Q

The “wrist drop” is a characteristic of which nerve injury?

A

Radial n

134
Q

The cubital fossa is bordered by which 5 elements? (lateral, medial, base, floor, roof)

A

Lateral- brachioradialis
Medial- pronator teres
Base- line between medial and lateral epicondyles
Floor- supinator & brachialis
Roof- skin, fascia, bicipital aponeurosis

135
Q

What type of joint is the proximal radio-ulnar joint?

A

Synovial, pivot joint

136
Q

What action can the proximal radio-ulnar joint produce?

A

Supination/pronation

137
Q

What type of joint is the distal radio-ulnar joint?

A

Synovial, pivot joint

138
Q

The deep fascia of the forearm divides the forearm into which compartments?

A

Antebrachial fascia divides into anterior compartment and posterior compartment

139
Q

The superficial compartment of the forearm muscles include which four muscles?

A

Pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris

140
Q

The flexor digitorum superficialis m is apart of of which flexor compartment?

A

Intermediate compartment

141
Q

The deep flexor compartment is made of up what 3 muscles?

A

Flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus, pronator quadratus

142
Q

Which forearm muscle is the most common site of impingement?

A

Pronator teres

143
Q

Does the flexor carpi radialis m pass through the carpal tunnel?

A

no

144
Q

What action does flexor carpi radialis provide when acting alone?

A

Flexion and radial deviation

145
Q

Which nerve is known as the “funny bone” when nicked?

A

Ulnar n

146
Q

How many tendons does the flexor digitorum superficialis give off at the wrist?

A

4 tendons

147
Q

How many tendons go through the carpal tunnel?

A

9 tendons

148
Q

Golfer’s elbow is also known as what?

A

Medial epicondylitis. Inflammation of flexor tendons

149
Q

The “hand of benediction” is a result of injury to which nerve?

A

Median nerve at elbow/forearm

150
Q

The inability to make the “okay” sign results in a “pinch” posture due to an impingement of what nerve?

A

Anterior interosseous nerve

151
Q

Compression of the median nerve results in what syndrome?

A

Pronator syndrome

152
Q

What compresses the median nerve in pronator syndrome?

A

2 heads of pronator teres m

153
Q

What injury can mimic carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

Pronator syndrome

154
Q

Injury to the ulnar nerve usually occurs in what four places?

A

Posterior to medial epicondyle of humerus, cubital tunnel, at the wrist, in the hand

155
Q

“Claw hand” is the result of an injury to which nerve?

A

Ulnar n

156
Q

What are the 3 outcropping muscles?

A

Abducor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus

157
Q

Which forearm muscle is the “beer drinking muscle?”

A

Brachioradialis

158
Q

Does the brachioradials m cross over the wrist joint?

A

No

159
Q

Which extensor muscle is absolutely necessary when clenching a fist?

A

Extensor carpi radialis longus

160
Q

Which extensor muscle is the principal extensor of the medial 4 digits?

A

Extensor digitorum

161
Q

The deep branch of the radial n. passes through which muscle and exits as the posterior interosseous n.?

A

Supinator m.

162
Q

What are the three muscle tendons that form the borders of the anatomical snuffbox?

A

Abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus

163
Q

What two carpal bones form the floor of the anatomical snuffbox?

A

Scaphoid and trapezium

164
Q

What artery does the anterior ulnar recurrent a. anastomose with?

A

Inferior ulnar collateral a.

165
Q

What artery does the superior ulnar collateral a. anastomose with?

A

Posterior ulnar recurrent a.

166
Q

Which artery does the recurrent interosseous a. anastomose with?

A

Middle collateral a.

167
Q

What artery does the radial recurrent a. anastomose with?

A

Radial collateral a.

168
Q

Does the radial n. supply muscles of the hand?

A

No, passes over the snuffbox and supplies skin

169
Q

Lateral epicondylitis is a condition that affects which muscle group?

A

Repetitive use of superficial extensor mm of forearm. known as “tennis elbow” produces inflammation of the periosteum of lateral epicondyle

170
Q

What condition is characterized by pain felt over lateral epicondyle, radiating pain down posterior surface of forearm, pain felt when opening a door or lifting a glass?

A

Lateral epicondylitis, “tennis elbow”

171
Q

What are the four joints of the wrist and hand?

A

Radiocarpal joint, carpometacarpal joint, metacarpophalangeal joint, interphalangeal joint

172
Q

What type of joint is the radiocarpal joint?

A

Synovial, condyloid joint

173
Q

What actions does the radiocarpal joint allow?

A

Flexion/extension, radial/ulnar deviation, circumduction

174
Q

What type of joint are the carpometacarpal joints?

A

Synovial, plane joint between digits 2-5. Saddle joint at the thumb

175
Q

What type of joint are the metacarpophalangeal joints?

A

Synovial, condyloid joints allowing flexion/extension, ABD/ADD

176
Q

What type of joints are the interphalangeal joints?

A

Synovial, hinge joints - permitting flexion/extension

177
Q

Dupuytren Contracture is a disease of what?

A

Disease of palmar fascia, results in shortening, thickening and fibrosis of palmar fascia & aponeurosis

178
Q

What are the 4 contents that pass through the carpal tunnel?

A

Flexor pollicis longus, 4 tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus, 4 tendons (2-5) of the flexor digitorum superficialis, & median n.

179
Q

What 6 structures are in the area of flexor retinaculum but do not pass through the carpal tunnel?

A

Palmar cutaneous branch of median n, radial a, ulnar n & a, FCU tendon, palmaris longus tendon, FCR tendon

180
Q

What is the tunnel of guyon (ulnar canal) created by?

A

Depression between pisiform and hook of hamate

181
Q

What does the tunnel of guyon (ulnar canal) contain?

A

Ulnar n & a

182
Q

Compression of the ulnar n. in the tunnel of guyon (ulnar canal) is known as what syndrome?

A

Ulnar canal syndrome “handlebar palsy”

183
Q

Flexion/extension of the thenar muscles occur in what plane?

A

Coronal plane

184
Q

ABD/ADD of the thenar muscles occur in what plane?

A

Sagittal plane

185
Q

What are the two actions of the dorsal and palmar interossei muscles?

A 
Dorsal abduct (DAB)
Palmar adduct (PAD)
186
Q

The dorsal carpal arterial arch gives rise to which two main arteries?

A

Princeps pollicis a. & radialis indicis a.

187
Q

The median n passes through the carpal tunnel, does the palmar cutaneous branch of the median n also pass through the tunnel?

A

No

188
Q

What branch of the median n supplies 2 1/2 thenar m?

A

Recurrent branch of median n

189
Q

What branches of the median n supply the 1st & 2nd lumbricals?

A

Common palmar digital, proper palmar digital nn of median n

190
Q

What muscles does the deep branch of the ulnar n supply?

A

Hypothenar, lumbricals 3-4, all interossei, adductor pollicis & deep head of flexor pollicis brevis mm

191
Q

Losing the ability to ABD/ADD digits, ADD thumb along with hypothenar eminence atrophy & sensory loss to medial palm and palmar medial 1 1/2 digits is an injury to what nerve at the wrist?

A

Ulnar n

192
Q

Carpal tunnel syndrome is a result of injury and inflammation to which nerve?

A

Median nerve at the wrist

193
Q

Carpal tunnel syndrome is characterized by what symptoms?

A

pain, burning, tingling, weakness & atrophy of thenar eminence, inability to oppose thumb, thumb limited to flexion & extension

Gross Anatomy (9 decks)

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