RAD 103 prelims Flashcards
Known also as digital image acquisition – creation of a representation of the visual characteristics of an object, such as a physical scene or the interior structure of an object.
Digital imaging
-A system designed to transfer data from one networkaccess point to another or more access points via data switching transmission lines and system controls.
networks
elements of a digital 3D image.
Voxel/ Volume elements
-An electronic database that holds demographic information on every patient who receives healthcare services.
Master Patient Index (MPI)
the use of high and short energy x-rays video frame rates of 3, 7.5, 15 fps.
pulsed fluoroscopy
the use of high dose to improve contrast an spatial resolution thru cassette – based detectors.
Spot radiograph
consists of a series/sequence of instructions created by a software developer, or computer programs can be described as the computer’s software.
Computer program
Two main categories for classifying computer programs
Systems software
Application software
number of rows multiplied by number of columns - Size of a matrix is defined by the number of rows it contains
Matrix size
can be reprogrammed with the use of special electron impulses.
EEPROM (electronically eprom)
The British built the first operating working computer called
Colossus
web services & web applications that provide access to databases.
DATABASE APPLICATIONS
consists of programs that make it easy for the user to operate a computer to its best advantage.
Systems software
chips are similar to PROM chips except that the contents are erasable with the use of a special device that exposes the chip to ultraviolet light.
EPROM (erasable prom)
similar to incremental backup, but includes all the updated data from the first full backup.
Differential backup
is the latest advancement in radiography. It quickly transfers image to the computer so that you can view and diagnose w/o waiting.
Digital radiography
# of rows x # of columns x (# of bytes)
Image file size
the short-term memory of the computer
RAM (random access memory)
-use positron emitters to produce annihilation photons which are then detected.
PET Imaging
Application used to create a duplicate copy of data to save and enable recovery in the event of loss, corrupted, or infected by malwares.
Backups
refers to the personal computer (PC), which is configured as a desktop, laptop, or notebook with computer applications
Personal Computer
-The actual infrastructure for storing, viewing, and communicating data.
Hospital information systems (HIS)
the most common network contained in small area (Eg. Home, office)
LAN
system utilizes just two values that change discretely through coding, typically involving a computer chip.
Digital
-Involves the use of CR and DR thru PSP and flat-panel detectors.
Projection radiography/ general radiography
Visible components (mouse &camera)
Operations include input processing, memory, storage, output, and communications
Hardware
Built during WWII from over 1700 bulbs it was used to break the codes of the German Lorenz SZ40 Cipher machine used by the German high commands.
Colossus
a structured collection of data that are archived and can be retrieved to organization for different uses.
DATABASE
-The use of projection radiography for breast.
Digital mammography
first general-purpose electronic computer was developed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. (at a cost of 500,000 dollars)
1946
updated data
Incremental backup
the unique identity of a networks
Internet protocol addresses (IPS)
is an input/output device that uses a keyboard for input and a display screen for output.
Terminal
relative quantitative measurement of radiodensity used by radiologist in the interpretation of CT images.
Hounsfield unit
the specialized used of computer technology to electronically transmit radiological images and supporting information from one location to another for the purposes of interpretation, consultation, or education.
Teleradiology
contained in small area with large area coverage (Eg. Internet)
WAN
has built-in processing capability and RAM but does not have its own storage capacity.
Intelligent terminal
Equivalent to two words
Chomp
A single binary digit (1 or 0)
Bit
uses a cassette based phosphor storage plates (PSP) which are then scanned by the computerized system into a digital format for image processing, archiving, and presentation.
Cassette radiography
-Generic name for an application or group of applications used to handle textual data containing the examinations, appointment, reports, and billing data
Radiology information system (RIS)
American physicist and inventor of firstelectronic digital computer.
John Atanasoff
-allows and coordinates uninterrupted data through the bus.
Chipset
-records planar images from multiple angles which uses images to reconstruct tomographic slices from the imaged volume.
Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
-The use of high-frequency sound to produce images received from the echo signals.
Ultrasound
sometimes called a jump drive or jump stick- is the newest of the small portable memory.
Flash drive
images are the types of images that we, as humans, look at.
Analog
Consists of 16 bits of information
Word
the British built the first operating working computer called Colossus decrypt the German military codes.
December 1943
-the use of x-ray tube while rotating around the patient.
Computed tomography
-Program designed to do actual work for a user which runs on top of the operating system.
Application software
Main printed circuit board in general-purpose computers and other expandable systems.
System board
Two means of networking
Intranet
Extranet
Devices that can be attached directly to the workstation by wires, or radiofrequency transmission
Input/ output devices
– the combination usage to provide a method of attenuation correction and correlation of metabolic activity.
SPECT and Xray CT
Required when primary memory is insufficient and when data needs to be transferred to another location.
Secondary memory
-A method of patient’s medical record storage and has electronic notes.
EPR (Electronic patient record)
Refers to half a byte
Nibble
-analyze intrinsic tissue characteristics of metabolites in single of multiple voxels.
MR Spectroscopy
any type of miniature electronic device that contains arithmetic, logic, and control circuitry necessary to perform the functions of a digital computer’s central processing unit.
Microprocessor
Solid state, made of silicon (semiconductor) technology, and very fast but limited in size
Primary memory
-A computer program or a device that provides functionality for other programs or devices (clients).
Servers
overlapping of studies in one patient such as chest, abdomen, etc. w/c gives them individual accession number.
Study splitting
A bundle of eight bits
Byte
elements of a digital 2D image which has a value represented.
Pixel
can store large amount of data
Auxiliary memory
is a vacuum tube that is used as a display screen in a computer
Cathode ray tube (CRT)
chips are blank chips that a user, with special equipment, can write programs to. After the program is written, it cannot be erased.
PROM (programmable rom)
acquisition of images thru angulation of detector around the patient.
Rotational angiography
combination of spatial and contrast resolution.
Total resolution
are thinner and lighter and consume less power than CRTs.
Flat panel
-regulates the optical density of the displayed image; scale
Window level
an area of information technology which involves:
Health information technology
giant computers which used thousands of vacuum tubes for computations were the forerunner of today’s digital computers.
UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)
use of low energy x-rays.
continous fluoroscopy
connect computers and other devices to the internet.
Routers
Built mechanical calculators using pegged wheels that could perform the which has the MDAS functions.
Blaise Pascal and Gottfried Leibniz 17th Century
Area that concerns with cognitive, information processing, and communication tasks of medical practice, education, research, information science, and technology
Informatics
-The heart of every workstation
Processor
Amplify or switch electronic signal and electrical power /alternately allows or does not allow electronic signals to pass.
Transistor
Fact
Digit comes from Latin for finger or toe
-It allows connections between two normally separate network to take place which creates a secure tunnel between two points.
VPN
pertains to a continuously changing quantity, often in a mechanical context,
Analog
Counting frame, calculating tool used since ancient times
Abacus
They are used to exchange data within a local area network such as home network or in a business.
Switches
They invented the electronic digital computer.
John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry 1939
-Workspace for acquisition professionals and federal buyers to connect with resources, tools and each other to improve acquisition government-wide.
Acquisition Gateway
images are the types of images that we, as humans, look at.
Digital
used to refer to a collection of data or information that is treated as a unit by the computer.
File
determines the visibility of fine detail.
Spatial resolution
2nd generation of computers was introduced.
1958
a process that quantizes or samples analog signals into a range of digital values.
Digitization
are another form of output device and are categorized by the manner in which the print mechanism physically contacts the paper to print an image.
Printer
-contains a small software which allows to instruct the input and output devices of a computer
BIOS (basic input and output system)
3rd generation of computers was introduced.
1964
usage of higher intensity x-rays while producing low quantum noise and higher resolution.
Digital fluoroscopy
-The use of high magnetic field to produce images by utilizing the magnetic properties of nuclei such as hydrogen in water and fat.
Magnetic resonance imaging
entire current data
Full backup
-names for projection images acquired with the detector gantry stationary and the table incremented.
Scanogram
Also known as the operating system (OS), MAC-OS, Windows, and Unix are popular operating system.
Systems software
an image that is digitized both in space and amplitude (gray level), can be considered as matrix which has x,y,z in columns and row indices.
Digital image
-Allows the user to properly shut down the computer during power interruptions, fluctuations.
UPS (uninterruptible power supplies)
He designed tabulating machine to record census.
Herman Hollerith 1890
Computer programs installed to command hardware (internet browser: Google Chrome, FireFox; and OS: Android, iOS
Software
4th generation of computers were introduced (represented a continuation of the third generation and featured the utilization of large-scale integration (LSI).
1975
-Technique and process of creating visual representation of the interior of body for clinical analysis and medical intervention, as well as the visual representation of the function of some organs & tissue
Radiology Workflow
Universal format for PACS image storage and transfer
DICOM
most widely used to denote the elements of a digital image because it is one of the small dots or square that make up an image on a computer screen.
Pixel
retains its memory even if power to the computer is lost but it is more expensive than DRAM and requires more space and power.
SRAM
The brain of every workstation
Operating system
Ted Hoff introduced Intel 4004, the 1st microprocessor via Intel Corp. with his team of logic architects and silicon engineers
1971
set of rules governing the format of data sent via internet or local network
IP
permanent memory, cannot be erased
ROM (read only memory)
-Technique and process of creating visual representation of the interior of body for clinical analysis and medical intervention, as well as the visual representation of the function of some organs and tissues.
Medical imaging
use of temporal subtraction to remove anatomic structures while improving the resolution of contrast media.
digital subtraction angiography
-Used in diagnosing and treating certain illnesses, it uses radioactive materials (radiopharmaceuticals).
Nuclear medicine and Positron emission tomography
is the device that holds, spins, reads data from, and writes data to a CD, DVDs and Blu-rays Disc.- all of these devices are commonly known as “Optical storage devices”
CD drive
Two type of storage
Solid state drive (SSD)- fast, durable, expensive
Hard disc drive (HDD)- slow, fragile, cheap
Provides a single point of authentication for multiple tasks which includes logon to various systems such as PACS and RIS.
Active directory
application programs are those written in a higher level language expressly to carry out some user function by a computer manufacturer, by a software manufacturer or by the user themselves to guide the computer to perform a specific task
Application software
Refers to any general-purpose stored-program electronic digital computer.
Workstation
-The place where data are stored permanently even if the computer is powered off.
Storage
combining telecommunications technology with medical expertise for the remote delivery of medical care or education.
Telemedicine
cannot do any processing on its own; it is used only to input data or receive data from a main or host computer.
Dumb terminal
comprised over 18,000 vacuum tubes that had an average failure rate of one every 7 minutes.
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator)
determines the grayscale difference between soft tissues in the image.
Contrast resolution
The standard word length
32 or 64 bits
used to refer to a collection of data or information that is treated as a unit by the computer.
Graphics card
William Shockley developed the transistor.
1948
-The digital entry or exit point.
Port
Binary number system
1 or 0
First –generation computers were vacuum tube devices
1939-1958
inherent to all images; image mottle; snowy or grainy appearance.
Noise
Special high-speed circuitry areas
Registers
The used of continuous ionizing radiation for real – time imaging of organs.
Digitral fluoroscopy & interventional radiology
chips are more widely used, but SRAM chips are faster
DRAM
-A computer image processing technique used to improve the contrast in images
Histogram
He designed analytical engines which automatically performs general calculations.
Charles Babbage 1842
built-in physical data chain that enables efficient communication of hardware.
Data bus
Two types of RAM
DRAM (dynamic ram)
SRAM (static ram)
Amount of data that can be simultaneously sent over a determined medium.
BANDWIDTH
Three variation of ROM chips
PROM (programmable rom)
EPROM (erasable prom)
EEPROM (electronically eprom)
Deals with the study of knowledge, skills, and tools which enable information to be collected, managed, used, and shared to support the delivery of healthcare and promote health.
Health informatics
the development from Eckert and Mauchly was introduced to the public.
1951
first general-purpose modern computer was built at Harvard University. (Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC), known simply
Mark 1 1944
