ANAPHY Flashcards
Studies body organ system and its functions
Systemic Anatomy
Studies body regions or by areas
Regional Anatomy
Studies external features such as bony projections
Surface Anatomy
Uses technologies (xray, mri, ultrasound)
Anatomical Imaging
Smallest level
Chemical
Cells as the basic unit of life
Cellular
Group of cells with similar structure and function plus extra cellular substances they release
Tissues
Four broad types of tissues
Epithelial ( covers surfaces in bodies)
Connective ( blood, bone, etc)
Muscular
Nervous ( Brains and nerves)
Two or more tissue types acting together
Organs
Group of organs contributing to some function
Organ system
All the organ system working together
Organism
Organ systems in the body
Integumentary
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
Functional interrelationships between parts
Organization
Sum of all chemical and physical changes sustaining an organism
Metabolism
Ability to sense and respond to environmental changes
Responsiveness
Can increase in size
Growth
Changes in form and size
Development
Changes in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized
Differentiation
Formation of new cells
Reproduction
Maintenance of constant internal environment despite fluctuations in the external or internal environment
Homeostasis
Stay the same
Homeo
Means to stop
Stasis
Monitors the body temperature by detecting stimuli
Receptor
Determines the set point for the variable and receives input from the receptor
Control Center
Adjust the value of the variable back to the set point
Effector
Returns the state of the body to homeostasis
Negative Feedback
Takes place when the deviation from set point becomes greater
Positive feedback
Standing upright, facing forward, upper limbs hanging to the side and palm facing forward
Anatomical Position
Separates the body into right and left halves
“The flight of an arrow”
Sagittal plane
A sagittal plane that passes through the midline of the body
Median plane
Dividing the body into superior and inferior portions
Transverse (horizontal) plane
Divides the body into anterior and posterior halves
Frontal plane
Cut made diagonally across the long axis
Oblique section
Two types of body cavities
Ventral body cavity
Dorsal body cavity
Encloses the organs of the nervous system
Dorsal body cavity
Cavity that houses the brain
Cranial cavity
Cavity that houses the spinal cord
Vertebral canal
Both brain and spinal cord are covered by membranes called
Meninges
Houses the vast majority of our internal organs collectively referred as VISCERA
Ventral body cavity
Houses primarily the heart and lungs
Thoracic cavity
Each closes a lung
Two lateral pleural cavities
Encloses heart and its major blood vessels
Medial mediastinum
Enclosed by abdominal muscles and consists of the more superior ABDOMINAL CAVITY and the more inferior PELVIC CAVITY
Abdominopelvic cavity
The organs of the abdominopelvic cavity are housed within the _____
Peritoneal Cavity
The walls of the body cavities and the surface of internal organs are in contact with membrane
Serous membrane
Layer that lines the walls of the cavities
Parietal serous membrane
The layer covering the internal organs
Visceral serous membrance
Containing the heart, is housed in the mediastinum
Pericardial cavity
Parietal serous membrane of the pericardial cavity
Parietal pericardium
Visceral serous membrane of the pericardial cavity
Visceral pericardium
Space between the two pericardial membranes the is filled with pericardial fluid
Pericardial Cavity
Cavity that houses each lung that is also the space between the pleural membranes
Pleural cavity
Parietal serous membrane lining the pleural cavities
Parietal pleura
Visceral serous membrane covering the lungs
Visceral pleura
Cavity that houses many internal organs
Peritoneal cavity
Parietal serous membrane in the peritoneal cavity
Parietal peritoneum
Visceral serous membrane in the peritoneal cavity
Visceral peritoneum
The regions of double-folded visceral peritoneum
Mesenteries
Inflammation of pericardium
Pericarditis
Inflammation of the pleura
Pleurisy
Inflammation of the peritoneum
Peritonitis
It is the basic living unit of all organisms
Cell
Specialized structures that perform specific functions
Organelles
Is an organelle containing the cell’s genetic material
Nucleus
The living material surrounding the nucleus is called
Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is enclosed by the
Cell membrane or plasma membrane
Outermost part of the cell
Cell membrane
Materials outside the cell
Extracellular substances
Materials inside the cell
Intracellular substances
Containing the ends of the phospholipids are hydrophilic(water loving)
Polar
Fatty acids ends of the phospholipids are hydrophobic(water fearing)
Non-polar
Are involved with the movement of substances through the cell membrane
Membrane channels and carrier molecules
Are part of an itracellular communication system that enables cell recognition and coordination of the cell activities
Receptor molecules
Cell membranes are selectively permeable which means that they allow some substances
mema lang
Movement that does not require the cell to expand energy
Passive membrane transport
Movement that does require the cell to expand energy, usually in the form of ATP
Active membrane transport
Results from the natural, constant random motion of all solutes in a solution; tends to move from an area of lower concentration of a solute to an area of higher concentration
Diffusion (Passive membrane transport)
The difference in the concentration of a substance between two areas
Concentration Gradient
The phospholipid bilayer acts as a barrier to most water-soluble substances
Cell membrane channels
Constantly allow ions to pass through
Leak channels
Limit the movement of ions across the membrane by opening and closing
Gated Channels
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane such as the cell membrane
Osmosis
The force required to prevent the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane
Osmotic pressure
other word for rupture in cell (swell)
Lysis or Hypotonic
Other word for cell’s shrinkage
Crenation or Hypertonic
Has a lower concentration of solutes and a higher concentration of water relative to the cytoplasm of the cell
Hypotonic solution
Has a higher concentration of solutes and lower concentration of water
Hypertonic solution
Refers to the state when two solutions have equal concentration of solutes across a semipermeable membrane
Isotonic solution
A carrier-mediated transport process that moves substances across the cell membrane from an area of higher concentration of that substance
Facilitated diffusion
A carrier-mediated transport process that moves substances across the cell membrane from regions of lower concentration to those of higher concentration against a concentration gradient
Active transport
Involves the active transport of one substance, such as Na+, across the cell membrane, establishing a concentration gradient
Secondary active transport
Is the uptake of material through the cell membrane by the formation of a vesicle
Endocytosis
Often used for endocytosis when solid particles are ingested (cell-eating)
Phagocytosis
Much smaller vesicles are formed and they contain liquid rather solid particles (cell-drinking)
Pinocytosis
The release of materials from the cells
Exocytosis
A large organelle usually located near the center of the cell
Nucleus
Consists of outer and inner membranes with a narrow space between them
Nuclear envelope
Many points on the surface of the nucleus, the inner and outer membranes come together to form
Nuclear pores
Are diffuse bodies with no surrounding membrane that are found within the nucleus
Nucleoli
Are organelles where proteins are produced
Ribosomes
ER with ribosomes attached to it; synthesizing large amounts of protein for export from cell
Rough ER
It is a site for lipid synthesis and participates in detoxification of chemicals within cells
Smooth ER
Consists of closely packed stacks of curved, membrane bound sacs
Golgi apparatus
Small, membrane-bound sac that transports or stores materials within the cells
Vesicle
Are membrane-bound vesicles formed from golgi apparatus. Contains variety of enzymes that function as intracellular digestive systems
Lysosomes
Are small, membrane-bound vesicles that break down fatty acids, amino acids and hydrogen peroxide.
Peroxisomes
They are small organelles with inner and outer membranes separated by a space
Mitochondria
Acts as internal framework of the cell
Cytoskeleton
Hollow structures formed from protein subunits
Microtubules
Small fibrils formed from protein subunits that structurally support the cytoplasm, determining cell shape
Microfilaments
Fibrils formed from protein subunits that are smaller in diameter that microtubules
Intermediate filaments
The centrosome is a specialized area of cytoplasm close to the nucleus where microtubule formation occurs
Centrioles
They are cylindrical structures that extend from the cells
Cilia
They increase surface area of cells that have them
Microvilli
They have a structure similar to that of cilia but are much longer
Flagella
A sequence of nucleotides that provides a chemical set of instructions for making a specific protein
Gene
Is a molecule consists of nucleotides joined together to form two nucleotide strands
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Are composed of three subunit molecules
Nucleotides
Shape of DNA
Double helix
Is an important biological macromolecule that is present in all biological cells
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
The building blocks of protein; they are organic compounds composed of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Amino acids
Is the process by which the information encoded in a gene is used to direct the assembly of protein molecule
Gene expression
3 steps of Transcription
Initiation
Elongation
Termination
Is the beginning of transcription. Occurs when the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the PROMOTER
Initiation
Is the addition of nucleotides to the mRNA strand
Elongation
Is the ending of transcription. The mRNA strand is complete, and it detaches from DNA
Termination
Is the synthesis of proteins based on the information of mRNA
Translation
The three types of RNA in the translation process
tRNA, mRNA, rRNA
Is a series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and divides
Cell cycle
Consists of a single, double-stranded DNA molecule
Chromosome
Are two molecules of double-stranded DNA joined together in the center by a centromere
Chromatids
A time between cell divisions
Interphase
It is the formation of daughter cells from a single parent cell
Cell division
Is a cell or organism that has paired or two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent
Diploid
Is a cell or organism that has just a single copy of each chromosome
Haploid or monoploid
A cell that is the source of other cells
Parent cell
Are human cells that are able to develop into many different cell types
Stem cells
Ancestor cell
Progenitor
A parent cell divides to form 2 daughter cells wt the same amount and type of DNA as the parent cell
Mitosis
Four stages of Mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
1st stage of mitosis
Prophase
The chromosomes align near the center of the cell
Metaphase
Phase where the chromatids separate
Anaphase
The chromosomes in each of the daughter cells become organized to form two separate nuclei
Telophase
The cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells
Cytokinesis
The process by which cells to develop with the specialized structures and functions
Differentiation
Is programmed cell death
Apoptosis
Are group of specialized cells and the extracellular substances surrounding them
Tissues
The microscopic study of tissue structure
Histology
Is found virtually everywhere, both inside and outside the body
Epithelium
The surface that is exposed
Free surface
The surface of the cells that is anchored in place
Basal surface
Is composed of specialized extracellular material secreted by the epithelial cells
Basement membrane
Where the epithelial cells are attached together
Lateral surface
Consists of a single layer of cells, with each cell extending from the basement membrane to the free surface
Simple epithelium
Consists of a single later of cells, but only the deepest layer of cells attaches to the basement membrane
Stratified epithelium
Is a special type of simple epithelium
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Cells are flat or scalelike
Squamous
Cells are cube-shaped about as wide as they are tall
Cuboidal
Cells tend to be taller than they are wide
Columnar
Is a single layer of thin, flat cells
Simple squamous epithelium
Is a single layer of cubelike cells that carry out active transport, facilitated diffusion, or secretion
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Is a single layer of tall, thin cells
Simple columnar epithelium
Is actually a single layer of cells, but the cells appear to be layered due to the differing heights of adjacent cells and positions of the nuclei
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Forms a thick epithelium because it consists of several layers of cells
Stratified squamous epithelium
Is a special type of stratified epithelium that can stretch
Transitional epithelium
This kind of tissue is a specialized type of simple squamous epithelium called ___
Endothelium
Cells have structure that hold them to each other or to the basement membrane
Cell connections
Cell connection structures that mechanically bind epithelial cells together are called __
Desmosomes
Those that bind cells to the basement membrane are called __
Hemidesmosomes
Are cell connection structures that form barriers and anchor cells to each other
Tight junctions
Are found just below the tight junctions, and help the tight junctions anchor the epithelial cells to each other
Adhesion belts
Cell connection structures that allow for intercellular communication
Gap junctions
Are composed of epithelium supported by network of connective tissue
Glands
Two major types of glands in the body
Endocrine glands
Exocrine glands
Are often termed ductless glands based on their structure and mode of secretion
Hormones
Produces chemicals called hormones
Endocrine glands
Produce a wide variety of products, such as saliva, sweat, and digestive tract secretions
Exocrine glands
Some exocrine glands are composed of only a single cell; secrete mucus
Goblet cells
Are multicellular glands that have a single, nonbranched duct
Simple glands
Is a straight, narrow tube the same width as the duct
Tubular
A saclike structure whose width is greater than the width of the duct
Acinar
Glands forming a straight tube with no branching of the secretory portion
Simple tubular
Gland with several tubular secretory portions branching from the single duct
Simple branched tubular
Glands with a single saclike secretory portion
Simple acinar
Glands with several acinar secretory portions branching from the single duct
Simple branched acinar
Are multicellular that have several branched ducts
Compound glands
Glands with multiple ducts, each with a narrow tubular secretory portion
Compound tubular
Glands with multiple ducts, each with several saclike secretory portions
Compound acinar
Glands with multiple ducts, each with several tubular and acinar secretory portions
Compound tubuloacinar
Is the release of secretory products through exocytosis and is the most common
Merocrine secretion
Is the release of secretory products when a portion of the free surface of the epithelial cell pinches off, releasing cytoplasmic contents
Apocrine secretion
Is the release of secretory products through shedding of entire cells
Holocrine secretion
Is a diverse primary tissue type that makes up part of every organ in the body
Connective tissue
Are large white blood cells that are capable of moving about and ingesting foreign substances
Macrophages
Are nonmotile cells that release chemicals, such as histamine, that promote inflammation
Mast cells
Resembles microscopic ropes, are very flexible but resist stretching
Collagen fibers
Are very fine, short collagen fibers that branch to form a supporting network
Reticular fibers
Have the ability to return to their original shape after being stretched or compressed, giving tissue an elastic quality
Elastic fibers
Consists of nonfibrous muscles. It is the “shapeless” background against which the collagen fibers
Ground substance
Are large molecules that consist of a protein core attached to many long polysaccharides
Proteoglycans
Consists of relatively few protein fibers that form a lacy network
Loose connective tissue
Connective tissue primarily consists of collagen fibers and a few elastic fibers
Areolar
Tissue that consists of adipocytes, or fat cells, which contain large amounts of lipids for energy storage
Adipose
Forms the framework of lymphatic tissue
Reticular tissue
Has a relatively large number of protein fibers that form thick bundles and fill nearly all of the extracellular space
Dense connective tissue
Has an extracellular matrix consisting mostly of collagen fibers
Dense collagenous connective tissue
In tendons and ligaments, the collagen fibers are oriented in the same direction, and so the tissue is called __
Dense regular
In the many dermis and in organ capsules, the fibers are oriented in many different directions
Dense irregular
Has abundant elastic fibers among its collagen fibers
Dense elastic connective tissue
Is composed of chondrocytes or cartilage cells located in spaces called lacunae
Cartilage
Small spaces
Lacunae
Is the most abundant type of cartilage and has many functions
Hyaline cartilage (clear or glassy)
Has more collagen than does hyaline cartilage, and bundles of collagen fibers can be seen in the matrix
Fibrocartilage
Contains elastic fibers in addition to collagen and proteoglycans
Elastic cartilage
Is a hard connective tissue that consists of living cells and a mineralized matrix
Bone
Bone cells
Osteocytes
Has spaces between trabeculae, or plates, of bone and therefore resembles a sponge
Spongy bone
Is more solid, with almost no space between many thin layers of mineralized matrix
Compact bone
Is unique because the matrix is liquid, enabling blood cells and platelets, collectively called FORMED ELEMENTS, to move through the blood cells
Blood
Main function of muscle tissue
contract or shorten, making movement possible
Muscle contraction results from contractile proteins located within the muscle cell
Muscle fibers
Is what we normally think of as “muscle”
Skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle cells are ______ or banded, because of the arrangement of contractile proteins within the cells
Striated
Is the muscle of the heart; it is responsible for pumping blood
Cardiac muscle
Cardiac muscle cells are often branched and connected to one another by ___
Intercalated disks
Forms the walls of hollow organs, is also found in the skin and eyes
Smooth muscle
Forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Nervous tissue
Is responsible for conducting electrical signals. Nerve cell
Neuron
Neuron is composed of three parts:
1 cell body
2 dendrites
3 axon
Contains the nucleus and is the site of general cell functions
Cell body
Usually receive stimuli that lead to electrical changes
Dendrites
Conduct electrical signals, which usually originate at the base of an axon where it joins the cell body and travel to the end of the axon
Axons
Are the support cells of the nervous system
Glial cells
Is a thin sheet or layer of tissue that covers a structure or lines a cavity
Tissue membrane
The external tissue membrance
Skin
Line cavities that open to the outside of the body, such as the digestive, respiratory, and reproductive tracts
Mucous membranes
Line cavities that do not open to the exterior of the body
Serous membranes
Serous membranes do not contain glands, but the secrete a small amount of fluid called ____
Serous fluid
Line the cavities of freely movable joints
Synovial membranes
What does the synovial membranes produce?
Synovial fluid
Occurs when tissues are damaged
Inflammation
The surface of the clot dries to form a ___
Scab
The neutrophils eventually die and can accumulate as a mixture of dead cells and fluid called ____
Pus
A delicate, granular-appearing connective tissue that consists of fibroblasts, collagen, and capillaries
Granulation tissue
A result of the contraction of fibroblasts in the granulation tissue, pulls the edges of the wound closer together
Wound contracture
