Racial Cultural Identity Development, Multiracial, Acculturation, Communication Flashcards
5 stages of the racial/cultural identity model (sue and sue)
- Conformity
- Dissonance
- Resistance and Immersion
- Introspection
- Integrative Awareness
phase 1: conformity
- Is marked by desire to assimilate and acculturate–buys into the melting pot analogy.
- Accepts belief in White superiority and minority inferiority/stereotypes.
- Unconscious and conscious desire to escape one’s own racial heritage.
- The denial mechanism most commonly used is “I’m not like them; I’ve made it on my own; I’m the exception.”
- Validation comes from a White perspective.
- Role models, lifestyles, and value systems all follow the dominant group.
- Physical and cultural characteristics identified with one’s own racial/cultural group are perceived negatively, as something to be avoided, denied, or changed.
phase 2: dissonance (individual starts to challenge self concept)
- There is now a growing sense of personal awareness that racism does exist, that not all aspects of the minority or majority culture are good or bad, and that one cannot escape one’s cultural heritage.
- Feelings of shame and pride are mixed in the individual, and a sense of conflict develops.
- People experience breakdown of denial system.
phase 3: resistance and immersion
- “Why should I feel ashamed of who and what I am?”
- Begins to understand social-psychological forces associated with prejudice and discrimination.
- Extreme anger at perceived cultural oppression and toward White society.
- Oriented toward self-discovery of one’s own history and culture. There is an active seeking out of information and artifacts that enhance that person’s sense of identity and worth.
- Members of the dominant group are viewed with suspicion.
phase 4: introspection
- Increased discomfort with rigidly help group views (i.e., all Whites are bad and all POC are good).
- Too much energy directed at White society and diverted from more positive exploration of identity questions.
- Attempts to understand one’s cultural heritage and to develop an integrated identity.
phase 5: integrative awareness
- Develop inner sense of security as conflicts between new and old identities are resolved.
- Global anti-White feelings subside as person becomes more flexible, accepting, and multicultural.
- White and minority cultures are not seen as necessarily conflict.
- Able to own and accept those aspects of U.S. culture seen as healthy and oppose those that are toxic (racism and oppression).
- Develops a positive self-image and experiences a strong sense of self-worth and confidence.
- Not only is there an integrated self-concept that involves racial pride in identity and culture, but the person develops a high sense –Becomes bicultural or multicultural without a sense of having sold out one’s integrity.
issues facing multiracial individuals `
- People of multiracial heritage are often ignored, neglected, and considered nonexistent in our educational materials, media portrayals, and psychological literature—this can lead to major psychological stress.
- In 2000 and 2010, the U.S. Census allowed people to check off more than one race.
- Multiracial individuals are often asked, “What are you?” and forced to choose one race.
the “one drop of blood rule”
- Hypodescent was an attempt by White European immigrants to maintain racial purity and superiority by passing laws against interracial marriages (antimiscegenation), primarily directed at Blacks and Native Americans.
- This generated additional property for slaveholders.
- People of color were considered inferior so “one drop of blood” would “contaminate” an individual.
around how many people in US are mixed race
16%
what is racial ambiguity
the inability of people to distinguish the monoracial category of the multiracial individual from phenotypic characteristics
what are you? question
question almost asks a biracial child to justify his or her existence in a world rigidly built on the concepts of racial purity and monoracialism.
what is the marginal syndrome
Root (1990) asserted that mixed-race people begin life as “marginal individuals” because society refuses to view the races as equal and because their ethnic identities are ambiguous, as they are often viewed as fractionated people—composed of fractions of a race, culture, or ethnicity
what is the multidimensional model of biracial identity
The model provides four identification options for bi- racial individuals.
1) Singular Identity,
- Only one race is acknowledged
2) Boarder Identity
- Acknowledge both identities but there are clear distinctions
3) Protean Identity,
- An individual allows for ability to switch and adapt based on various contexts, able to be more fluid
4) Transcendent Identity
- Individuals choose not to subscribe to racial classifications and they do not consider race to be a part of their status
what are proxemics
- Personal Space
- Violation may cause one to withdraw, become angry, or create conflict.
- Some cultures are okay with being very close; others see distance as coldness.
- Counselor may misinterpret client’s closeness.
what are kinesics
-Refers to bodily movements
Facial expression, posture, gestures, eye contact
- Japanese smile may mean discomfort.
- Physical touch and intimacy in Latinx culture.
- Eye contact varies according to culture.
