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culture and gender final > lgtbq+ (lecture 4) > Flashcards

lgtbq+ (lecture 4) Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is sex

A

a person’s biological status that is typically categorized as male, female or intersex (combination of features that usually distinguish male from female). Indicated by chromosomes, or external genitalia

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2
Q

what is gender

A

the attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that a given culture associates with a person’s biological sex. Can be compatible with societal expectations: Gender-normative, or incompatible: gender non-conformity

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3
Q

what is gender identity

A

one’s sense of male, female or transgender

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4
Q

what is gender expression

A

ways in which a person acts to communicate gender in a given culture

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5
Q

what is sexual orientation

A

refers to the sex of those to whom one is sexually and/or romantically attracted

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6
Q

what is coming out

A

refers to the process in which one acknowledges and accepts one’s gender or sexual minority status

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7
Q

what is sexual stigma

A

negative beliefs and feelings about sexual minorities that are held by greater society

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8
Q

what is internalized homophobia

A

refers to the negative self-views that are internalized as result of being socially stigmatized

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9
Q

what is internalized transphobia

A

refers to the negative self-views that are internalized as a result of being stigmatized for a transgender identity.

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10
Q

what is non-binary

A

spectrum of identities that are not exclusively masculine or feminine

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11
Q

what is lesbian

A

a woman attracted to the same sex

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12
Q

what is gay

A

a man attracted to the same sex, can also be an umbrella term inclusive to sexual minorities

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13
Q

what is bisexual

A

a person attracted to another person of either binary gender (Dated Definition)

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14
Q

what is transgender

A

a person whose personal identity and/or gender does not correspond with their assigned sex at birth

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15
Q

what is queer

A

umbrella term for sexual or gender minorities who are not heterosexual or are not cisgender (i.e. gender non-binary)

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16
Q

what is questioning

A

uncertainty surrounding their orientation

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17
Q

what is intersex

A

born with both male and female biological characteristics

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18
Q

what is pansexual

A

sexual, romantic or emotional attraction towards people regardless of gender identity or sex (i.e., gender-blind)

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19
Q

what is 2Spirited

A

common in North American Native people that describe individuals that fit a third gender, a hybrid of both

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20
Q

what is asexual

A

a lack of sexual attraction to others, or low or absent desires for sexual activity with a partner

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21
Q

what is ally

A

a person (often with more privilege) that supports LGBT+ social movements

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22
Q

explain all the orientations

A

a-Does not experience attraction to anyone

gray- rarely experiences attraction to anyone

demi- experiences attraction towards someone only after developing a strong bond

hetero- attraction to genders other than own

homo- attraction to same gender

bi- attraction towards same and other genders

pan- attraction to all genders

poly- attraction to multiple but not necessarily all genders

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23
Q

brief history of lgbtq

A
  • LGBT seen in many ancient civilizations, these cultures had various reactions to LGBTQ+ individuals
  • Middle Ages began to condemn homosexuality using various religious documents, the Renaissance brought some visibility to these individuals (Da Vinci, etc.)
  • Psychology initially labeled homosexuality as a disorder (DSM-II). Evelyn Hooker (1957) completes landmark study which begins the movement to remove homosexuality from DSM
  • Realized there was not much difference between gay people and straight people, maybe there is not a difference
  • Persecution in the Holocaust
  • The Stonewall Riots 1969, raid on a gay bar turned violent and spread throughout Greenwich Village, protest in Central Park inspired the first “Pride” Parade
  • 1994 LGBTQ History Month began in the U.S. (October)
  • 2015 the Supreme Court Struck down all State Bans on same-sex marriage formally legalizing it in all 50 states.
24
Q

why do labels really matter

A
  • common terminology is helpful in generating funding
  • creates a sense of community
  • terminology provides room for education and research
  • easier to communicate identities to the public
25
Q

explain the controversial flag

A

all of the colors on the rainbow flag represent something, but a lot of people feel that it is not representative of them so there are a lot of different flags

26
Q

a few general demographics about lgbtq

A

Generally, LGBTQ+ populations mirror the diversity of the general population except (caveat needed):

  • More trans individuals are people of color
  • LGBTQ+ have higher education
  • LGBTQ+ higher incarcerations and incidences of gun and other violence experiences
  • LGBTQ+ more likely to adopt child with diverse needs
  • LGBTQ+ more likely to be paid less and underinsured
27
Q

take aways from demographics

A
  • More diversity than typically visible
  • More potential and actual disadvantages(e.g., access and protections)
  • Much of these are rooted in the perpetuation of heteronormativity
28
Q

what is heteronormative

A

Denoting or relating to a world view that promotes heterosexuality as normal or preferred sexual orientation

29
Q

what is heterosexism

A

The societal/cultural, institutional, and individual beliefs and practices that privilege heterosexuals and denigrate LGBTQ people

30
Q

what is homophobia

A

Fear, hatred, or intolerance of people who identify or are perceived to be lesbians or gay men, including the fear of being seen as lesbian or gay yourself.

31
Q

what is cisgender

A

Cisgender or Cissexual is a description of a non-transgender or non-transsexual man or women. Their gender identity is congruent with their sex and gender designated at birth.

32
Q

what is cissexism

A

Discrimination and invisibility experienced by TG people who do not conform to a binary gender, body concept, or anatomy that matches their sex designation at birth.

33
Q

explain isms within an ism in the lgbtq community

A
  • Do not underestimate the impact of dually stigmatized identities
  • Difficult to research since it is difficult to separate identities
  • Sexual minority people of color who are victims of hate crimes struggle with understanding the reason for their victimization.
  • Sexual minority people of color are more likely to attempt suicide, or self injury than white sexual minority individuals

There is also a “pecking order” within the LGBTQ+ group

  • Think about visibility (feminine gay men, and masculine lesbian women)
  • Bisexuality?
  • Transgender people are becoming increasingly more visible

-Racial Discrimination within the community

34
Q

explain label selection

A

-It is becoming slightly more common to forgo mainstream labels

  • Women are more likely to use non-traditional labels
  • Gender Socialization
  • Some individuals prefer to be unlabeled
  • Avoiding a reductionist view

More common is “mostly straight”

  • Political Attraction
  • Physical attraction
  • Sexual Attraction
  • Romantic Attraction
35
Q

apa clinical guidelines of working with lgbtq

A
  • Strive to understand the effects of stigma and how it may manifest
  • Understand that lesbian, gay, bisexual orientations are not mental illnesses, and mental illnesses may not stem directly from these identities.
  • Distinguish issues of sexual orientation from those of gender identity (a transgendered person may have to come out as another identity).
  • Treat LGBT+ families as their desired titles
  • Be aware of intersectionality (age, race, disability, etc.)
  • Be mindful of the potential influence of religion and spirituality on the lives of LGBT+ people
36
Q

what are the two models of coming out

A

stage and milestone models

37
Q

pros and cons of stage models

A

pros: easy to use and learn
cons: does not account for intersectionality

38
Q

pros and cons of milestone models

A

pros: account for intersectionality and allow flexibility in use
cons: harder to empirically validate, and a little more complicated to use

39
Q

explain the cass model stages

A

1) Pre-Stage: assume they are heterosexual, and perceive being lesbian or gay as undesirable
2) Identity Confusion: attempt to integrate societal views of lesbian or gay individuals with their own personal values “How can I be a good person and also be gay or lesbian?”
3) Identity Comparison: individuals begin to grapple with what it might be like to join a stigmatized group
4) Identity Tolerance: relinquish attempts to rationalize their same-sex attraction using heteronormative values, feel less interested to conform to the interest of heterosexual peers
5) Identity Acceptance: begin to accept their lesbian or gay identity, begin to disclose to others, and seek out associations with other lesbian or gay individuals
6) Identity Pride: fully expresses a gay or lesbian identity, consequent devaluing of heteronormative standards and behaviors
7) Identity Synthesis: integrate other aspects of their identity with their sexual identity.

40
Q

explain bisexual identity development

A

1) Identity Confusion: conflict between one’s gender role and one’s sexual feelings towards both men and women
2) Finding and applying the label: discovers the label and begins to apply this label to their feelings and behavior
3) Settling into the identity: seek out a supportive network to settle into their identity so that they can begin to learn how to define this new label
4) Identity Maintenance: the individual decides to retain the label or abandon it for one that is more salient.

41
Q

examples of bisexual bias

A
  • Bi-erasure: The practice or excluding bisexual and other non-monosexual people.
  • Bisexuality is seen as a “stepping stone” identity that gay, and lesbians use to ease into their full identity
  • Bisexuals are more likely to cheat, confused or afraid of commitment
    …or they are overly sexualized.
42
Q

transgender emergence

A

1) Awareness: experience distress due to feeling disconnected from their cisgender peers
2) Seeking Information/Reaching Out: Look for information about transgenderism
3) Disclosure to significant others: can include spouses, family members, and/or peers
4) Exploration-Identity and Self-Labeling: explore a range of identities and labels to determine which label fits them best
5) Exploration-Transition Issues/Possible Body Modification: Involves exploring options for transition, presentation of gender, and body modification
6) Integration-Acceptance and Post-Transition Issues: Synthesize and integrate various identities

43
Q

identity milestones in being trans

A

Feeling different (having interests that are different from same gender peers), awareness of same sex attraction, labeling feeling (specifically romantic or sexual feelings, can be rationalized in various ways), labeling oneself, disclosure

44
Q

myths and legends in lgbtq

A
  • Lesbian utopia: women are so kind and supportive they must get along so well in romantic relationships
  • Hegemonic masculinity: gay men are constantly in a power struggle on who is the man
  • Bisexuality myths: bisexuality is a phase or that they are frequent adulterers
  • Mutual battering: in a gay couple both people must be fighting, there isn’t a victim here
45
Q

common clinical errors

A
  • Be aware of heteronormative statements (e.g. do you have a girlfriend?)
  • Disregard for their sexual orientation (colorblind approach)
  • Assuming their issues are rooted in their sexual minority status
46
Q

outing

A

-Can result in loss of job, or loss of housing
-Keep in mind geography and religion
-Loss of family or friends
-Keep Safety in mind
-Aware of Biases
Outing Communities of Color
-Greater Stigma in some cultures
-Can lead to dually stigmatized identities

47
Q

violence and discrimination

A
  • LGBTQ+ individuals were twice as likely to experience lifetime, recent, or day-to-day discrimination when compared to their heterosexual counterparts (controlled for age, sex, gender identity, race, income, and marital status).
  • LGBTQ+ youth are more likely to be bullied or harassed compared to heterosexual peers
  • Higher rates of depression, anxiety, PTSD, anorexia, bulimia, substance abuse
  • Rates of hypervigilance and discrimination can impact physical health as well
  • Higher rates of high blood pressure, asthma, headaches/migraines, heart disease, and some forms of cancer
48
Q

ways to come out

A

1) Pre-Planned Conversations
2) Emergent Conversations
- Sort of just happens
3) Coaxed Conversations
- Parents ask
4) Confrontational Conversations
- Mom and dad find something on phone that is a little concerning and call you out on it
5) Romantic/Sexual Conversations
6) Educational/Activist Conversations
7) Mediated Conversations

average age of coming out is now 14, used to be 20

49
Q

benefits of coming out

A
  • Increased Self-Esteem
  • Decreased Anxiety
  • Improved Work Satisfaction
  • Enhanced Resilience
  • These effects can be moderated by gender
  • Men who have recently come out are at higher risk for MDD, and GAD
  • Women who have recently come out report lower depression but this depression may increase later in life.
50
Q

typically the process of coming out

A

peers are told before family
Siblings are told before parents
Moms are told before Dads
Mothers seem to be more accepting of gay sons than fathers
Fathers seem to be more accepting of lesbian daughters than mothers

reaction of first person can have strong effects

51
Q

what impacts disclosure

A
  • The quality of the relationship
  • Degree of anticipated support
  • Families can have various reactions: Joy, pride, shock, embarrassment anger, rejection, etc.
  • Negative parental reactions can impact the well being
  • Increases risky behavior, lowers feelings of self-acceptance, risky behavior, depression, suicide
  • Positive reactions can buffer and negate many of these effects.
52
Q

factors impacting family response

A

cultural heritage, political ideology, presence of other sexual minorities in the social network, strength and stability of existing familial relationships

53
Q

parent reactions

A
  • Awareness- a suspicion of their gender or sexual minority identity
  • Knowing with certainty-parents may struggle with the confirmation of these beliefs.
  • Emotional Detachment-homophobic attitudes colliding with loving feelings of their child
  • Fear of Estrangement-fear of losing their child to the gay world, related to weakening parenting strength
  • Adjustment and Education- Increased confidence in their ability to parent their child effectively helped parents to adjust to their child’s disclosure.
54
Q

ways to understand family reaction

A

stages of grief, social cognitive behavioral model, family stress theory

55
Q

general helpful clinical tasks

A
  • Acknowledge the potential role of oppression/marginalization on the family
  • Provide affirmation

-Ensure the assessment is thorough and incorporates assessment areas relevant to queer communities

  • Create space
  • Explore and make meaning of multiple identities
  • Psychoeducation can be helpful to dispel myths and stereotypes here

-Facilitate dialogue around presenting problem(s)

culture and gender final (9 decks)

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