Race and Ethnicity

Question 1

An enumeration of the population every ten years

Answer 1

Census

Question 2

A system that humans created to classify and stratify groups of people based mostly on skin tone and other phenotypic characteristic, such as eye shape and hair texture

Answer 2

Race

Question 3

Refers to common culture, religion, history, or ancestry shared by a group of people

Answer 3

Ethnicity

Question 4

Many state laws used to declare that any person with any African ancestry at all was Black

Answer 4

One-drop rule

Question 5

A concept that humans invented and gave meaning to in order to understand or justify some dimension of the social world

Answer 5

Social construct

Question 6

The idea that we can actively improve the genetic profile of humans leading to forced sterilizations of groups of people labeled as unfit to reproduce

Answer 6

Eugenics

Question 7

The set of our visible features or characteristics, like the color of our skin, hair, and eyes

Answer 7

Phenotype

Question 8

A tendency to view things in a particular way, regardless of the details of the specific situation

Answer 8

Bias

Question 9

The association our minds make between seemingly unrelated things; it is subconscious, and we may be entirely unaware of it

Answer 9

Implicit bias

Question 10

Bias that we are openly and consciously aware of

Answer 10

Explicit bias

Question 11

Occurs when a person belonging to a marginalized racial group associates their own group with negative evaluations

Answer 11

Internalized bias

Question 12

Widely-shared perceptions about the personal characteristics, tendencies, or abilities of members of a particular group, like intelligence, personality, physical features, preferences, aggressiveness, or criminality

Answer 12

Stereotypes

Question 13

Preconceived beliefs, attitudes, and opinions about members of a group

Answer 13

Prejudices

Question 14

Prejudices can grow stronger if we begin to think of another group as an economic, political, or cultural threat- for instance, if the size of a racial or ethnic minority begins to grow in a neighborhood or a city

Answer 14

Group threat theory

Question 15

A tendency to perceive undesirable characteristics or behaviors exhibited by members of another group as an innate or inherent part of their personality or essence- that is, any negative behavior is seen as just who they are

Answer 15

Ultimate attribution error

Question 16

A psychological state in which our preexisting ideas do not match what we see with our own eyes

Answer 16

Cognitive dissonance

Question 17

Helps explain how interaction with members of other groups affects prejudices

Answer 17

Contact theory

Question 18

The applicants were perfectly matched according to all characteristics that would make them a more or less attractive option; the only thing that differed was their race

Answer 18

Audit study

Question 19

The differential treatment of people based on their presumed racial group membership

Answer 19

Racial discrimination

Question 20

Unfavorable and unjust treatment of a person based on their racial group membership

Answer 20

Negative racial discrimination

Question 21

A set of beliefs, ideologies, or institutional practices that are based on the idea that one racial group is biologically or culturally inferior to another group and that reproduces racial domination and exploitation

Answer 21

Racism

Question 22

A set of beliefs, ideologies, and institutional practices that position White people as superior to other racial groups

Answer 22

White supremacy

Question 23

Refers to the ways that core institutions, like the law, education, and labor market, are embedded with racial biases and practices that reproduce racial inequality

Answer 23

Institutional racism

Question 24

The formal policy or practice of political, legal, economic, and/or social discrimination against a particular group

Answer 24

Apartheid

Question 25

Refers to a period in American history between the end of Reconstruction (following the Civil War) in the late nineteenth century and the end of the Civil Rights Movement of the mid-twentieth century

Answer 25

Jim Crow

Question 26

A large-scale, Black-led social movement in the 1950s and ’60s centered around protest, civil disobedience, and legal battles

Answer 26

Civil Rights Movement

Question 27

Referred to policies or programs that sought to redress past discrimination through active measures to ensure equal opportunity now

Answer 27

Affirmative action

Question 28

Recognition of and compensation (typically financial) for past harm against specific people or groups of people

Answer 28

Reparations

Question 29

The process whereby people who immigrate to the US from certain countries have a unique demographic profile compare to the people who stay behind in their home countries

Answer 29

Immigrant selectivity

Question 30

A statistical measure of how long people can expect to live, on average

Answer 30

Life expectancy