Environmental Sociology Flashcards

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1
Q

The variety of species in an ecosystem

A

Biodiversity

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2
Q

Assumes that humans are inherently different from other living beings (was made by sociologist Frederick Buttel)

A

Exemptionalist perspective

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3
Q

Focused on how people in rural areas, many living on farms and working in the agricultural sector, were directly connected to the environment and relied on natural resources

A

Rural sociology

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4
Q

Largely looks at the social organization of urban communities

A

Human ecology

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5
Q

Required federal agencies to consider the environmental effects of all policies and legislation

A

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

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6
Q

Called for a new paradigm for thinking about the society-environment relationship

A

William Catton and Riley Dunlap

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7
Q

Prioritizes economic growth, prosperity, and individualism

A

Human exemptionalist paradigm

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8
Q

This perspective considers potential limits to economic growth and encourages developing a stable economy that is balanced with nature

A

New Environmental Paradigm (New Ecological Paradigm)

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9
Q

Society affects the quality of the natural environment, and environmental change (degradation and protection) also has a clear effect on the quality and scope of society

A

Conjoint constitution

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10
Q

People working individually or collectively through community groups and social movements

A

Civil society

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11
Q

Suggests that any society driven by economic expansion is stuck in a conflict with nature.

A

Treadmill of production theory

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12
Q

Those with mature trees that have been relatively undisturbed by human activity

A

Old growth forests

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13
Q

The focus of this view is on the interchange of matter and energy between human societies and the larger environment, describing it as a form of metabolism (just as the human body converts what you eat and drink into energy)

A

Metabolic rift perspective

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14
Q

Necessity for continual economic growth

A

Growth imperative

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15
Q

The exchange of resources and material between society and the environment

A

Social metabolism

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16
Q

Focuses on unequal resource exchanges and ecological interdependencies within the global economy

A

Ecologically unequal exchange theory

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17
Q

Governments will begin to include environmental protection “as a basic state responsibility.”

A

Environmental state

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18
Q

Non-profit groups that work independently of governments

A

Nongovernmental organizations

19
Q

Argues that the dynamic nature of capitalism allows economic growth and related technologies to be directed toward environmental reforms.

A

Ecological modernization theory

20
Q

Looks to global institutional structures to shape social change and bring about environmental protection.

A

World society theory

21
Q

Focuses on development as a process through which environmental protection becomes more common.

A

Reflexive modernization

22
Q

Involves a universalization of risk, spreading it across the globe and throughout society, which leads to a breakdown in the general functions of society.

A

Risk society

23
Q

Proposed policies in line with a just transition to address climate change and racial inequalities

A

Green New Deal

24
Q

Proposes that the society-environment relationship is a dynamic system determined by how governments, the market, and civil society interact and how much they prioritize environmental issues by regulating environmental “bads” and protecting environmental “goods.”

A

Anthro-shift

25
Q

Actual and perceived exposure to environmental dangers and natural disasters

A

Risk

26
Q

Warming of the Earth and increases in extreme weather events

A

Climate change

27
Q

Focus on the scale of environmental damage: how much carbon, collectively, are we adding to the atmosphere each year?

A

Total emissions

28
Q

The amount of emissions per person

A

Per capita emissions

29
Q

A resource available to everyone

A

Commons

30
Q

Widely used to quantify relative levels of carbon efficiency, since we can compare how much carbon each nation emits to create the same amount of economic value.

A

Emissions per unit of Gross Domestic Production (GDP)

31
Q

A global climate effort that was negotiated in 2015 and committed all countries to take steps to address climate change

A

The Paris Agreement

32
Q

When fertile land becomes a desert

A

Desertification

33
Q

Intentionally promoting scientific misinformation about climate change

A

Climate denial

34
Q

Groups of ideologically similar policy actors who amplify and distort climate misinformation.

A

Echo chambers

35
Q

Highlights the ways that many common pool resources – those available to everyone, like air or water – are being polluted due to self-interest, or what some scholars have called the “free-rider problem.”

A

Tragedy of the commons

36
Q

Inequalities in the production of environmental harms

A

Disproportionality

37
Q

Discusses hyperpolluters that contribute to climate change

A

Don Grant

38
Q

Pollution across a range of industries and sectors that are disproportionately responsible for environmental harms

A

Hyperpolluters

39
Q

Scientific consensus of amount of global warming societies can adapt to

A

1.5 degrees Celsius (34.7 degrees Fahrenheit)

40
Q

The original event, held in 1970, turned out 20 million Americans to protest environmental pollution and celebrate the planet, and the anniversary event was expected to engage people across the U.S. and around the world in teach-ins, climate strikes, and concerts.

A

Earth Day

41
Q

Focuses on the unequal distribution of environmental harms and environmental goods by race and class

A

Environmental justice movement

42
Q

Those that experience environmental pollution and harm first and most severely

A

Frontline communities

43
Q

Participated in the first-ever climate strike. Inspired by the national school walkout against gun violence in the U.S. that was organized after the Parkland School Shooting in Florida, the 15-year-old decided to spend her Fridays sitting with a handwritten sign in front of the Swedish parliament.

A

Greta Thunberg

44
Q

The group coordinating this tactic of skipping school on Fridays to protest inaction on climate change

A

Fridays for Future