Immigration and Urbanization

Question 1

Defined by growth in the proportion of a nation’s population that lives in cities, spread from Britain to the rest of Europe, then to the United States, then to much of the rest of the world

Answer 1

Urbanization

Question 2

Urban areas with over ten million people

Answer 2

Megacities

Question 3

Chains of densely populated areas that extend over long stretches of space

Answer 3

Megaregions

Question 4

Cities that are nowhere near each other are also increasingly connected through technology and commerce that allow products, services, and information to move quickly across national and continental boundaries

Answer 4

Globalization

Question 5

Major urban areas that serve as the nodes for the worldwide network of economic activity

Answer 5

Global cities

Question 6

The tight connections that people form with each other through organizations, civic life, and strong social ties

Answer 6

Social capital

Question 7

The unique ways of life in cities

Answer 7

Urbanism

Question 8

The various types of connections that individuals form with other people, no matter where they’re located

Answer 8

Social networks

Question 9

As cities expanded throughout the country, African Americans began to move out of the rural South and into the cities of the Northeast, Midwest, and West

Answer 9

The Great Migration

Question 10

Tracking down people who were a part of a given time in history and talking to them about their lives

Answer 10

Oral history

Question 11

The forces that lead people to leave a neighborhood, a city, or even their home country

Answer 11

Push factor

Question 12

The forces that draw people to new destinations

Answer 12

Pull factors

Question 13

Contracts that prohibited homeowners in White neighborhoods from selling or renting their home to a Black family

Answer 13

Restrictive covenants

Question 14

The process by which new populations are sorted into urban environments was a central focus of a group of sociologists at the University of Chicago in the first half of the 20th Century

Answer 14

Chicago School of Urban Sociology

Question 15

The city filters groups of people into the environment that provides the best “fit”

Answer 15

Human ecology

Question 16

A section of a city where the local culture and labor market are dominated by a single ethnic group

Answer 16

Ethnic enclave

Question 17

Signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on Ellis Island at the base of the Statue of Liberty, the 1965 legislation created two primary pathways for entry: employment and family reunification

Answer 17

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

Question 18

People will make the decision to migrate if the benefits outweigh the costs. Assumes that the decision to migrate is made by individuals acting in their own self-interest

Answer 18

Rational choice theory

Question 19

Explain how economic and social inequality in a city or a country can stimulate migration elsewhere, and they maintain that the decision to migrate is usually made by collective groups, like families, not by individuals

Answer 19

New economic theory of migration

Question 20

The idea is that the expansion of capitalist nations into other countries in search of land, raw materials, and labor disrupts social, political, and economic systems

Answer 20

World systems theory

Question 21

Fear created by harsh immigration enforcement as a result of immigration policies

Answer 21

Legal violence

Question 22

Neighborhoods that contain at least three different racial or ethnic groups

Answer 22

Global neighborhoods

Question 23

The process by which immigrants and their descendants integrate into American life

Answer 23

Immigrant integration

Question 24

Immigrants who have moved to the US and were not born there

Answer 24

First generation immigrant

Question 25

US-born children of immigrants

Answer 25

Second generation immigrants

Question 26

How local government officials, real estate developers, private business interests, and leaders of cultural institutions (such as museums) work together to increase the size of city populations and expand the level of economic activity taking place within a city

Answer 26

Growth machine

Question 27

Defined as a shift in the population of a community bringing in new residents who are more affluent or more educated—and sometimes from a different racial or ethnic group—than the original residents

Answer 27

Gentrification

Question 28

The growth in the number of urban neighborhoods with extremely high rates of poverty,

Answer 28

Concentrated poverty

Question 29

Defined as the degree to which the poor live apart from the rich

Answer 29

Economic segregation

Question 30

The degree to which different segments of the population, typically classified by race, ethnicity, or social class, live apart from each other in separate communities

Answer 30

Residential segregation

Question 31

White Americans began to leave central city neighborhoods and move to new suburban communities

Answer 31

White flight

Question 32

The practice of taking a map of a city and outlining in red the sections that were considered high-risk, and then rejecting loan applications from people living in those areas

Answer 32

Redlining

Question 33

Suburbs continue to grow more quickly than any other type of community in the United States, and their boundaries have extended farther out

Answer 33

Suburban sprawl