Rabies Flashcards
What type of organism is Rabies
Neurotropic viruses in the family Rhabdoviridae
Where does the rabies virus best replicate within the human body
The brain and nervous tissues
Two manifestations of rabies
Encephalitic “Furious”
Paralytic “Dumb”
Encephalitic presentation of rabies
- Fever, hydrophobia, pharyngeal spasms, hyperactivity
Incubation period for rabies
1-3 months
What animal accounts for the majority of rabies inoculation
DOGS
Predisposing factors for contracting rabies
Veterinarians, wildlife researchers, exposure to bat colonies, feral/unvaccinated dogs & cats
What will rabies lead to because of the neurotropic nature of the virus
Encephalitis
How long is a captured animal observed in isolation for signs of infection or mortality
10-14 days
How many stools are needed to define diarrhea
3 or more loose or watery stools
Acute Diarrhea timeframe
< 14 days
Timeframe for persistent Diarrhea
More than 14-30 days
Timeframe for chronic diarrhea
> 30 days
What type of diarrhea presents with blood in loose-watery stools and fever
May be secondary to tissue damage to lining of the colon from certain bacteria, and/or toxins
Inflammatory Diarrhea
What type of diarrhea presents with watery stools with no blood and absence of fever
Non-inflammatory Diarrhea
Traveler’s diarrhea that is tolerable, not distressing, and does not interfere with planned activities
Mild Traveler’s diarrhea
Traveler’s diarrhea that is distressing or interferes with planned activities
Moderate Traveler’s diarrhea
Traveler’s diarrhea that is incapacitating or completely prevents planned activities
Severe Traveler’s diarrhea
Dysentery
What is the first line mitigation technique for infectious diarrhea
Prevention
bacteria that will cause diarrhea
- Enterotoxigenic Escherichia ETEC
- Campylobacter jejuni
- Shigella ssp.
- Salmonella ssp.
- Bacterial toxin-releasing
Viral etiologies that cause diarrhea
Almost never inflammatory
- Norovirus
- Rotavirus
Protozoal Etiologies that will cause diarrhea
- Giardia
- Entamoeba histolytica
What are routes that viral infectious diarrhea is spread
Fecal-oral route, direct contact with contaminated food& water, aerosols of vomitus, and contaminated environmental surfaces/objects
Incubation period for viral infectious diarrhea
12-48 hours
Norovirus Symptoms
- Acute onset of abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, and non-bloody diarrhea
- body aches, headaches, and low-grade fever
What is the recommended treatment for viral diarrhea
Oral rehydration therapy, anti-motility agents, and antiemetics
are antibiotics recommended for treatment of diarrhea
Nope
When are antibiotics warranted for diarrhea
Severe diarrhea with high fever, manifestations of extraintestinal infections
What is the normal treatment for diarrhea caused by Camylobacter jejuni diarrhea
Generally self limiting and lasting < 1 week
What type of Protozoal parasite causes diarrhea
Giardia
Common name for Giardia diarrhea
Beaver Fever
What is the most common intestinal parasitic disease affecting humans in the United States
Giardia
Routes of transmission for giardia
Fecal-oral route, mammals (humans, beavers, dogs, and pets)
Life phases for giardia
Cyst form
Trophozoite form
which is the infectious form of Giardia Cyst form or Trophozoite form
Cyst form
What lab testing is available for the diagnosis for Giardias
Antigen detection assays
- Use antibodies against cyst or trophozoite
- Capable of detecting Giardia and Cryptosporidium
Symptomatic presentation of acute Giardias
- Develop in 1-2 weeks
- Diarrhea is foul smelling and greasy
- Abdominal cramps
- Bloating
- Flatulence
- Fatigue
- Anorexia
- Nausea
What is the treatment for Giardia
Tinidazole 2 mg PO single dose
Metronidazole (Flagyl) 250 mg PO TID
What is the treatment for Giardia
Tinidazole 2 mg PO single dose
Metronidazole (Flagyl) 250 mg PO TID
Characteristic symptoms of infectious diarrhea of the small bowel
Larger in volume Watery More abdominal cramping Bloating Gas
Characteristic symptoms of infectious diarrhea of the large bowel
More frequent Smaller volume More painful bloody stools Mucus
Physical findings of infectious diarrhea
\+/- fever Mild Tachycardia and hypotension Dehydration Positive tilt, turgor, dry mucus membrane Increased bowel sounds Mild diffuse abdominal tenderness
What should be the initial treatment for infectious diarrhea
Rule out more serious / life-threatening pathologies
Diet for patients with infectious diarrhea
Bananas
Rice
Applesauce
Toast
What is the dosage for loperimide (Imodium)
4 mg PO initially, followed y 2 mg PO after each loose stool. Not to exceed 16 mg/day
What is the dosage for Bismusth subsalicylate
525 mg Q 30-60 min PRN for up to 2 days, do not exceed 4200 mg/day
When should antibiotics be considered in the treatment of diarrhea
Fever \+ >10 stools/day \+ Significant or complete loss of operational effectiveness
