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RUSVM Special Species - FINAL > Rabbits > Flashcards

Rabbits Flashcards

1
Q

What is the lifespan of bunnies?

A

6-10yrs

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2
Q

What type of GI system do rabbits have?

A

Hindgut- fermenting herbivore

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3
Q

What type of teeth do rabbits have?

A

All open rooted (continuous growth)

Extra pair of incisors “peg teeth”

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4
Q

Male rabbits (bucks), testes descend at ___months

A

3

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5
Q

Female rabbits are induced ovulators.. how long is their gestation

A

30-33days

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6
Q

How many bundles of joy can a rabbit have?

A

4-12

Born blind.

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7
Q

What are reproductive issues seen in rabbits?

A

Post partum estrus
High rate of uterine cancer

Males spray and mount
- recommend neutering

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8
Q

Rabbits should be fed what primarily to maintain dental health and health of the large intestine

A

Fiber

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9
Q

What is the purpose of cecotrophy?

A

Provide B vitamins and amino acids produced by the bacteria in the cecum

—> cecotropes are timed with circadian rhythm in early morning and night production

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10
Q

Chalky white colour of urine?

A

Calciuria

It is normal to have calciuria, but when urine becomes sludges , it is not ok

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11
Q

Rusty orange colour of urine ?

A

Porphyrins

Normal

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12
Q

Your rabbit is not pooping.. is this a problem?

A

Yes!

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13
Q

How should rabbits be housed?

A 
Indoors 
Wire vs solid bottom 
Litter box trainable 
-it is normal for them to hang out in a litter box all day 
-do NOT give clumping litter

Water bowl or bottle
Chew things

Hide box

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14
Q

What conditions can you see that can be associated with a poor litter box situation?

A

Sore hocks — pododermatitis

Urine scald

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15
Q

How should you restrain/handle a bun bun?

A 
Minimalize handling 
Always support lower back — lumbar fractures are possible (L6) 
Prefer feet on ground 
Cover eyes 
Treat on floor
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16
Q

What are possible venipuncture sites in rabbits?

A

Lateral saphenous (good for blood draw)

Cephalic veins (good for cath)

Jugular (difficult )

Ear vein (cath)

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17
Q

What must you be aware of when giving IV injectable to bunnies in the ear vein? Owners might get angry over this.

A

Can cause ear sloughing (diazepam)

Marginal ear vein slough

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18
Q

How do you mostly administer fluids in rabbits?

A

SQ or oral

can give IV in shocky rabbits (gastric bloat)

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19
Q

What complications can arise from antibiotic use in rabbits?

A

Potential toxicities

Bacterial dysbiosis in gut
Diarrhea and inappences

Endotoxemia

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20
Q

What enertic pathogens are common in rabbits?

A

Ecoli
Clostridium spiroforme

—> toxin producers

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21
Q

What are good choices for antibiotics in rabbits?

A

Quinolones( enrofloxacin)
Sulfa drugs
Chloramphenicol
Penicillin : infect only

Caution with
Metronidazole and azithromycin

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22
Q

What antibiotics should not be used in rabbits?

A

Beta lactams
Cephalosporins
Oral penicillins
Mycins: licomycin, clincamycin, erythromycin

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23
Q

What type of antibiotics results in clostridum overgrowth?

A

Selective gram positive antibiotics

—- clindamycin, licomycin, erythromycin

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24
Q

What are signs of pain in rabbits?

A

Quiet and non-demonstrative
Hiding, hunched, not moving
Not eating

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25
Q

What analgesics can be used in rabbits?

A

NASAID - carprofen, meloxicam

Opioids - buprenorphine, butorphanol, hydromorphone

Tramadol

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26
Q

What are the features of the rabbit stomach?

A

Simple stomach
Large, non-distensible
Low pH (1-2)
Muscular pyloris—> Inability to vomit (most common cause of acute death in rabbits is gastric rupture)

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27
Q

What is the sacculus rotundus?

A

Ileo-cecal valve

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28
Q

What is the “intestinal pacemaker” called ?

A

Fusiform coli

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29
Q

What is the largest GI organ of the rabbit?

A

Cecum

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30
Q

What is the purpose of the cecum?

A 
Fermentation of soluble fiber 
Produce cecotrophs (ceceals) —> bacteria produce amino acids, votatile fatty acids, and vitamins
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31
Q

What is the function of fiber in the rabbit GI tract?

A

Rapid transport to colon
Separation of fiber particles
Reverse peristalsis

Different types of stools

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32
Q

How can you differentiate cecotrophs from diarrhea/ abnormal bowel movements?

A

Cecotrophs produced during night (circadian rhythm: 4hours after feeding) —> often seen in morning
Consumed right from anus
Odorous, soft, mucous covered

Diarrhea— produced constantly

33
Q

Cecotrophs are stimulated by a _____________ diet and are reduced by a ___________diet

A

High fiber; high protein

34
Q

What are dietary recommendations form rabbits?

A

High fiber, low carbs

Grass hay
Leafy greens

Low pelleted ration
Low fruit —> high in sugar and promote clostridum proliferation and change pH
Low in “treats”

35
Q

What are diet-related GI disorders?

A

Gastric stasis

Hairballs

Impaction

Dysbiosis

Diarrhea

Obesity

36
Q

What is GI stasis? What are associated clinical signs?

A

Generalized ileus

— decreased stool productions and lack of appetite
—painful abdomen
—hypothermia
—shock

37
Q

What other diseases can cause a GI stasis in bunny?

A 
Kidney disease 
Neurodisease 
Dental spurs 
Obesity 
Arthritis, spine pain
Pododermatitis 
Low fiber diets 
Stress/inactivity 
Reduced hindgut motility 
Abnormal fermentation 
PH changes (dysbiosis)
38
Q

How do you diagnose GI stasis?

A

Hx and clinical signs

Abdominal palp — distended cecum or stomach

Radiographs

Blood testing (esp in older rabbit — kidney dz)

39
Q

How can you differentiate gastric blood vs GI stasis on radiographs

A

Gastric bloat — air bubbled

Stasis— air within the intestine (cecum and stomach), food in intestine with history of not eating

40
Q

How can you treat gastric bloat?

A

Gastric decompression with tube

IV fluids and support

High mortality, most re-bloat

41
Q

What is the treatment for GI stasis?

A

Oral and parenteral fluids
-LRS 75ml/kg/day SQ or IV

GI motility modifiers

  • metoclopramide and cisapride
  • abdominal massage
  • exercise

Pain management
-buprenorphine (NOT NSAIDS)

GI gas management
-famotidine and simethicone

Shock fluids if hypothermic

Gastric decompression if bloated

42
Q

What do you feed bunnies with gastric bloat/stasis?

A

If impaction — thin oral fluids

NPO if bloated

Low sugar formulations
High fiber prep

Oxbow critical care

43
Q

What is normal body temp for bunnies? What does a low body temp mean?

A

101- 104F

Hypothermia <100F => in shock!
The lower the temp, the higher the mortality

44
Q

How can you prevent hairballs (trichobezoars)?

A

Fiber in diet prevents accumulation

45
Q

What should you look for if your rabbit has a diarrhea?

A

R/O uneaten cecals
—> if normal hard stools are being produced
—> smelly and get stuck on butt
—> rabbit otherwise healthy and alert

Wet mount for coccidia
Eimeria sp esp in young rabbits
Bacterial overgrowth

46
Q

What are predisposing factors for pasted cecals?

A

Obesity and inactivity
High protein — low fiber diet

Painful rear end (arthritis or dermatitis)
Neurologic disease
Dental disease

47
Q

What is the treatment for pasted cecals?

A

Removed adhered feces and shave fur

Sedation might be needed
—midazolam IM (can be reversed with flumazinel)

NSAID if severe
Correct diet
Weight loss

48
Q

T/F: calciuria is normal

A

True

Can get excessive — rabbits absorb unlimited amounts of Ca from GI tract, independent of Vit D
Have high levels of calcium in blood

49
Q

Features of urinary sludge?

A

Severe crystalluria

Sedentary rabbits
Painful, dysuria
Change in urinary habits

50
Q

What type of urolith do rabbits get? What is the treatment?

A

Calcium carbonate

Surgical

51
Q

What is the treatment for urine sludge?

A

Pass catheter
Warm saline flush and massage

Recheck radiographs
SQ fluid and buprenorphine
Home on NSAID

Correct pre-disposing factors (diet)

52
Q

T/F: rabbits, like horses, are obligate nasal breathers

A

True

53
Q

What is the cause of “snuffles” in the rabbit?

A

Pasturella multocida and friends

Affects rabbits of all ages

54
Q

How do you manage upper respiratory tract infections in rabbits?

A 
Deep nasal culture 
Correct environment 
Long term antibiotics 
Antihistamine/ anti-inflammatories
Flush nasolacrimal ducts 
Treat eyes
55
Q

What is the anatomy of the nasolacrimal system in rabbits?

A

Single NLD puncta - medially

Tortuous duct runs along top of maxillary tooth root from eye to nose

56
Q

What clinical signs can be associated with dacryocytitis (inflammation of the nasolacrimal tear duct)?

A

Chronic epiphora (tears)

57
Q

What antibiotics are appropriate to treat respiratory disease in rabbits?

A

Quinolones
TMS
Chloramphenicol
Azithromycin (use caution)

58
Q

Sebaceous adenitis has a high correlation with what disease?

A

Thymoma

Do chest X-rays

59
Q

How do you manage a dyspneic rabbit?

A

Minimalize handling
Place in oxygen

Anxiolytics = midazolam

Analgesia

Parenteral meds

Nebuliers

60
Q

Rabbit presents with a head tilt, torticollis, and rolling.. what is your DDX?

A

Otitis media/interna

Encepalitozoon cuniculi

61
Q

What is encephalitozoon cuniculi?

A

Obligate intracellular microsporidia (fungal) parasite

Rabbit as natural host
Acquired at birth and replicates in kidney

Affinity for neuro tissue
Head tilt, seizure, ataxia, uveitis

62
Q

How can you determine phacoclastic uveitis vs cataract?

A

Cataract- blue tinged, cloudy eye

Phacoclastic uveitis - rupture of lens capsule and enzyme leak out — hypopyon

63
Q

How do you diagnose E. Cuniculi?

A 
Clinical signs- head tilt, ataxia, uveitis 
Dwarf breeds 
Blood testing 
Kidney or brain biopsy (necropsy) 
R/O otitis interna (rads or CT)
64
Q

What is the therapy for E. Cuniculi?

A

Benzimidazoles = fenbendazole or albendazole

Bone marrow suppression

Anti inflammatories

Steroids to decrease immune response
—>decease inflammatories in brain esp if neuro disease is present

Combo antibiotics in case of otitis media

65
Q

What are common dental diseases in rabbits?

A

Congenital incisor malocclusion

Molar spurs and ulcers

Overgrown crown and roots

Abscess and osteomyelitis

66
Q

How do you treat incisor malocclusion?

A

Trim (q 6-8weeks)
Low speed Dremel with diamond disc

Extraction

67
Q

How do you treat cheek teeth malocclusion

A

Molar spurs can be ground down with a drill or ronguer points

68
Q

What will you see on radiographs in a rabbit with dental abscess?

A

Osteomyelitis

69
Q

Treatment for jaw abscesses?

A

Aggressive surgical debridement — thick caseous pus

Remove all necrotic debris

Packing, marsupializing, beads(cefazolin soaked packing gauze/ PMMA antibiotic impregnated beads, or manuka honey)

Ancillary therapy:
AB — must use anaerobic drug (parenteral penicillin) and analgesics

70
Q

Common urogenital problems in rabbits?

A

Uterine adenocarcinoma
Spirochetosis ‘syphilus’
Uroliths:bladder stones
Calciuria: ‘bladder sludge’

71
Q

What is the recommended treatment for uterine adenocarcinoma ?

A

Ovariohysterecomy

Have a bicornate uterus and double cervix

Can mets to lung, bone, and soft tissue

72
Q

Constant hormonal release can lead to endometrial hyperplasia. Is it possible for this to lead to adenocarcinoma ?

A

Yes

73
Q

Hematuria usually has what causes in rabbits?

A

Urolithiasis
Uterine adenoCa
Benign endometrial dz

Cystitis (unlikely)

74
Q

What is the organism that causes vent disease?

A

Treponema cuniculi (spirochete)

AKA rabbit syphilus

75
Q

Diagnosis of vent disease is done how?

A

Young rabbit
Scab on nose and vent
Biopsy
PCR

Response to treatment

76
Q

What is the treatment for rabbit syphilus ?

A

Procaine and benzthine pen G (combi-pen)

77
Q

What parasites are found on rabbits?

A

Ear mites: psoroptes cuniculi

Fur mites: cheyletiella parasitavorax

78
Q

What is the treatment for ear mites and fur mites?

A

Ivermectin SQ or selamectin

79
Q

Can we give fipronil (frontline) to rabbits

A

NO

RUSVM Special Species - FINAL (5 decks)

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