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RUSVM Special Species - FINAL > Bird Repro and Feather diseases > Flashcards

Bird Repro and Feather diseases Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: over bonding of parrots with humans can lead to chronic reproductive stimulation

A

True

Try to pair-bond with owner
Can led to territorial cage aggression
Exaggerated hormonal behaviour
Indulged with stroking or cuddling

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2
Q

What factors can predispose birds to reproductive disorders?

A

Environmental

  • long photoperiod
  • perceived nest area (cage)

Food availability
- high fat food in abundance

Behaviour
- pair bond with human

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3
Q

What are some reproductive tract diseases of birds?

A 
Excessive egg  laying 
Egg binding and dystocia 
Egg yolk peritonitis 
Hypocalcemia 
Pathologic fractures 
Oviductal and cloacal prolapses
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4
Q

How can you tell females and male cockatiels apart?

A

Females have light bars on flight feathers, males do not

Be careful — young birds can have these band patterns

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5
Q

What is the pearl mutation?

A

Female sex-linked colour

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6
Q

What do you call prolonged transit of an egg through the oviduct?

A

Egg binding

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7
Q

Where does the egg spend the most time?

A

Shell gland (uterus)

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8
Q

Egg binding and dystocia can have what causes?

A

Over laying

Poor dietary calcium (seeds)
Oversized or poorly shelled eggs
Uterine inertia
Poor musculature

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9
Q

How will you make a diagnosis of egg binding and dystocia?

A

Hx - can have propose of egg and oviduct
Palpation
Radiographs - miss sharpen eggs or multiple eggs
Ultrasounds -should be able to see normal egg layers or ovarian tumors (appears mottled)

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10
Q

How do you treat egg binding?

A

Meds first: calcium, fluid, heat, pain meds

Sedated extraction — ovocentesis to collapse egg

Surgery: hysterectomy (ovary is attached to the aorta and is not removed)

Prevent more laying: Leuprolide (lupron)

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11
Q

Clinical signs associated with testicular hyperplasia?

A

Pain
Lameness
Leg chewing

Seasonal changes in some sp
Can increase weight significantly in some sp

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12
Q

What is the MOA of leuprolide?

A

GnRH agonsits — upreguates FSH to pituitary

Surge of hormone — negative feedback to repro tract

Duration of effect is 2.5-3weeks

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13
Q

What are the uses of leuprolide?

A

Egg laying, testicular masses, ovarian cysts and tumors

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14
Q

What is the only skin glad in the bird?

A

Uropygial (preen)

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15
Q

What are common causes of poor feathering?

A

Trauma from environment
Cage-mate trauma
Feather growth interruption
Poor preening habits

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16
Q

T/F: baby birds that look scruffy have disease

A

False

Scruffy baby birds are normal but if you see this in an adult, look for disease

17
Q

What is a stress bar?

A

Interruption in growth of a feather from stressful event

18
Q

T/F: unpreened feathers, stress bars,and trauma are common in juvenile birds

A

True

19
Q

How does a blood feather appear?

A

There will be a hollow quill that the feather grows into

He shaft of a blood feather is purple or pink

20
Q

What can lead to poor preening?

A

Hand raised babies
Over-zealous mates
Stressful environment

21
Q

What medical problems can lead to poor feathering?

A

Nutritional disorders: vit A

Endocrine problems (T4)

Parasites: lice and mites

Infections (rare): PBFD- circovirus

22
Q

What changes can you see in a bird with a poor diet?

A

Poor integumentary

Lacking B carotine which is pro- Vit A

Deficiency results in squamous metaplasia, hyperkeratosis, and pigmentary changes

Chronically: can have issues anywhere that there is epithelium (GI, kidney, etc)

23
Q

T/F: fruits are a good source of vit A

A

False

Vegetables and green fruits are a better source

24
Q

What are the mites found in birds?

A

Dermanyssus gallinae - chicken mite or red mite

Knemidocopes - scales face and leg mite

25
Q

T/F: all lice of birds are biting louse

A

True

26
Q

What is and effective treatment for knemidocoptes?

A

Ivermectin

27
Q

What is often the cause of feather damaging behaviour (eg plucking and mutilation)

A

Disease of captivity

Anxiety? Boredom?

28
Q

How can you approach a case of feather plucking?

A

Understand owners are upset
Take good history

Examine feathers and patterns closely

Record distribution and appearance

Make sure bird doesn’t have disease

  • screening blood work
  • maybe radiographs
  • fecal testing (parasites/giardia)
  • skin biopsy
29
Q

Hypothyroidism can lead to a bird that presents as feather plucking bird. How can you rule this out?

A

Skin biopsy is the only ways to confirm
—> atrophy of the follicles

Thyroid levels —> note thyroid levels change between species, males vs females, seasonally, and daily (not reliable for diagnosis)

30
Q

In what birds has there been seen, an association between intestinal giardia and plucking?

What is the best way to diagnose?

A

Small birds
Budgeriars, cockatiels, lovebirds

Fecal test: fresh wet mount for live torphozoites
PCR swabs

31
Q

What is usually the signalment for psittacine beak and feather disease?
How do you confirm?

A

Young birds!

Blood test

32
Q

T/F: birds to not have mast cells

A

True

They do not release histamine

33
Q

What can a skin biopsy tell you about feather disease?

A 
Damage from plucking? 
Inflammation in non-plucked areas 
Inflammatory skin disease 
Atrophy of feather follicles 
Viral inclusions (PBFD)
34
Q

What is the therapy for feather destruction?

A

Adjust diet and environment

Modify behaviour

Meds (occasionally)

Collars only if severe or bleeding

35
Q

What is the therapy for mutilators?

A

Clean and dress wounds

Prevent further damage with collars or bandages

Pain: torbugesic and meloxicam

AB: if wounds are extensive or deep

Neurogenic pain: gabapentin

antipsychotics: haloperidol

MOA: amitriptylline

RUSVM Special Species - FINAL (5 decks)

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