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RUSVM Special Species - FINAL > Ferrets > Flashcards

Ferrets Flashcards

1
Q

Mustela nigripes is what kind of ferret?

A

Black footed ferret

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2
Q

What is the lifespan of a ferret?

A

7-8yrs

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3
Q

About how much does an adult ferret weigh?

A

Females 600-900gms

Males 800-1400gms

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4
Q

What is waardenburg syndrome?

A

Color linked congenital deafness seen in blaze and panda ferrets

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5
Q

When auscultation HR in a ferret.. where is it located?

A

Causally situated

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6
Q

The cranial mediastinum is an important area for tumors in ferrets.. what common tumor is found here?

A

Lymphoma

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7
Q

Normal heart rate and variations seen in ECG in ferrets?

A

Rate 180-230bpm
Tall R waves

Sinus arrhythmia are normal

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8
Q

Common cardiac condition of ferrets?

A

Dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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9
Q

T/f: A large spleen in a ferret indicates disease

A

False

Spleen is usually big in ferret
Can be benign extra-medullary hematopoiesis

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10
Q

What type of diet do you recommend for ferrets?

A

Strict carnivores

Protein (35-40%)
High fat (15-20%)
Low fiber

Natural (raw) diet
Commercial prep

Avoid grain-free formulations —-> lead to cystine stone formation

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11
Q

How should ferrets be housed?

A

Escape proof cage

Multilevels
Sleeping area
Litter box
Water bottle

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12
Q

How should ferrets be restrained?

A

Can scruff— induces yawn reflex

‘nutrical’ technique - distract them with treats

Ferretone -oil supplement

Chemical restraint - iso/sevoflurane
Injectable - torbugesic/midazolam/alfaxalone/dexdormtor

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13
Q

What are the benefits and disadvantages of dexdormitor in ferrets

A

Advantages — causes a short sedation in healthy ferret and can be reversed with atipamezole

Disadvantages — causes vasoconstriction.. not good for catheters or blood draws

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14
Q

What vaccinations are given to ferret

A

Distemper and rabies

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15
Q

T/F: you can use the canine distemper product in the ferret

A

False

Must use a product that is modified through chick embryo
Monovalent vaccines

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16
Q

What would you see if you give a ferret the canine distemper product instead of the ferret product?

A

Fatal
Skin disease on mouth and footpads
— pemphigus

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17
Q

What rabies vax is labeled for ferret?

A

Imrab — given yearly SQ

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18
Q

What are common vaccine reactions?

A

Anaphylaxis: GI and cardiovascular

**Pre med with diphenhydramine prior to vaccine (10-15mins)

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19
Q

How do you treat a vaccine rxn in ferret?

A

Dexamethasone SP, epinephrine, IV fluids

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20
Q

How much blood can you take from ferret?

A

10% of body weight (=10% of blood volume)

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21
Q

What venipuncture sites can you use in ferret?

A 
Cephalic vein 
Lateral saphenous 
Crainial vena cava 
Jugular vein 
Tail vein

22g needle

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22
Q

TF: you should heparinzie your syringe prior to blood draw in ferret

A

True

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23
Q

What is normal ph of urine in ferret?

A

Low

5.5-6.5

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24
Q

How does a high grain diet affect urine ph/

A

Raises pH —> crystal formation (struvite)

Similar to cats

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25
Q

What are common causes of urinary tract obstructions in ferret?

A

Urolith/crystal
Prostatomegally
Adrenal dz

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26
Q

T/F: all prostatomegaly is caused by adrenal disease

A

True

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27
Q

How can you treat prostatomegaly in ferret?

A

Pass urinary catheter to unblock

Cysto may be needed to empty bladder

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28
Q

What features of the urethra do you need to be aware of so you can catheterize a ferret?

A

Small urethra with crooked os penis

Use 3.0 or 3.5 French / slippery sam cath
24g jelco catheter can help

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29
Q

You want to give IV fluids to a ferret.. what technique will you use?

A

Sedation required

Make a small nick in skin with 22g needle (thick skin) to feed 24g catheter through

Wrap well and monitor — chewing and tangle line

30
Q

What can intraosseous catheters be used for?

A

Blood transfusions
Dextrose admin
Shock fluid
Bone marrow aspiration

31
Q

What site can you have a IO catheter or aspiration bone marrow in ferret?

A

Head of femur

32
Q

T/F: ferrets dont have blood groups

A

True

Multiple transfusions are ok!

33
Q

How much blood can you transfuse into ferret?

A

Up to 10% of blood vol but 7-8% is safer

34
Q

When is splenic aspiration indicated in ferret?

A

Irregular spleen on palpation
Abnormal ultrasound
Anemia of unknown cause
Lymphosarcoma

35
Q

How must you give oral medications in ferret?

A

Cannot pill a ferret

Oral suspension — must be palatable

36
Q

Analgesics that can be used in ferret?

A 
Carprofen 
Meloxicam 
Buprenorphine 
Torbugesic 
Tramadol

** ferrets are very sensitive to sedative effects of parenteral opioids

37
Q

Common GI disease of ferret?

A 
Dental dz 
Foreign body ingestion 
Helicobacter gastroenteritis 
Inflammatory bowl dz 
Lymphosarcoma
38
Q

T/F: hard kibble is good for ferrets and prevents dental disease by removing tartar

A

False

Hard kibble actually damages enamel and predisposes tartar

— > gingivitis and periodontal dz

39
Q

_________ in ferrets leads to mouth pawing. Often causes ulcers and fistulas in oral cavity

A

Nausea

40
Q

Etiologies of gastric ulcer in ferret?

A

Kidney dz - uremic gastritis (ibuprofen toxicity)
Foreign body
Toxin
Helicobacter mustelae

41
Q

Most ferrets have helicobacter… what can cause them to develop ulcers associated with this bacteria?

A

Stress

42
Q

Clinical signs of gastric ulcer in ferret?

A

Melena

Bruxism and ptyalism
Anorexia or inappetance
Vomiting uncommon
Chronic weight loss

43
Q

How can you diagnose helicobacter gastritis?

A 
Difficult to culture 
Gastric or duodenal mucosal biopsy
Sliver stain (warthin-starry) 
PCR swab of mucosa 
Clinical signs
44
Q

How do you treat helicobacter???

A

“Triple therapy”

Amoxicillin and metronidazole (flagyl)

Bismuth subsalicylate

Antacid (famotidine)

Sucralfate
Clarithromycin

Supportive care: fluids

45
Q

In what age groups do we most commonly see foreign bodies?

A

Young <2 (often rubber)

Old >3 (trichobezoars)

46
Q

Clinical signs of foreign body?

A

Anorexia and weight loss
Diarrhea; melena

Acutely weak
Not usually vomiting

47
Q

How do you diagnose FB in ferret

A

Clinical signs
Abdominal palpation
Rads +/- contrast
Exploratory surgery

48
Q

Treatment of FB in ferret

A

Supportive care
Medical - fluid,, lubricant, antibiotics

Surgery if needed

Prog is usually good

49
Q

What is on your list of differentials in a ferret with diarrhea?

A 
FB 
Dietary indiscretion 
Enteric coronavirus 
Inflammatory bowel dz 
Intestinal lymphoma 
Proliferative bowel disease 
GI parasites
50
Q

What is the signalment and usual clinical seems with proliferative bowel dz?

A

Young <1yr

Diarrhea and anorexia
Rectal prolapse
Thickened bowel on palpation

51
Q

What infectious agent has been associated with proliferative bowel disease?

A

Lawsonia intracellular is

52
Q

Best therapy for proliferative bowel dz?

A

Chloramphenicol

53
Q

You have a multiple ferret household..

The young ferrets seem to be fine, but the older ones have a green slimy diarrhea and are anorexic..
what is your dx and how will you treat?

A

Viral diarrhea “ epizootic catarrhal entertis” — coronavirus

Supportive care
Can result in a chronic malabsorption

54
Q

Ferret comes into clinic with a “bird seed” tan diarrhea.. this is most consistent with what GI dz and how would you treat?

A

Inflammatory bowel dz
— chronic malabsorption syndrome

Immune-suppressive agents like pred or azathioprine

55
Q

Two most common endorcine dz in ferret?

A

Hyperadrenocortisim

Insulinoma

56
Q

T/F: most ferrets have adrenal disease

A

True

Can be uni or bilateral
Related to spay and neuter (pituitary-adrenal-gonad closely retailed)

57
Q

Hyperadreanlcortisims in ferrrets is a ____________ producing tumor

A

Hormone

Eg progesterone, androgen, and estrogen

this is not cushings

58
Q

Clinical signs associated with hyperadrenocortisim in ferret?

A 
Hair loss 
Pruritus
Swollen vulva (could also be a female in heat R/O intact females) 
Prostatomegaly 
Stronger smell 
Sexual behaviour
59
Q

Hyperadreanocortisms in male ferrets causes what disease?

A

Prostatic dz - becomes cystic

Can also see urinary obstruction

60
Q

Treatment of adrenal disease in ferreted

A

goal is to reduce sex hormones — leuprolide

Surgical adrenalectomy

Or Both
Recurrence is likely on other gland

61
Q

The end stage of adrenal disease you get bone marrow suppression which manifests how in the integument?

A

Petechial hemorrhage

62
Q

Why do most surgeons do a subtotal adrenalectomy on the right?

A

Attachment to vena cava

63
Q

What is an insulinoma?

A

Tumor of B cells of pancreas

Overproduction of insulin causing hypoglycemia

64
Q

Clinical signs of insulinoma?

A 
Episodic weakness
Drooling/inappetence 
Difficult to arouse
Weak in rear end 
Coma and seizure
65
Q

How can you diagnose insulinoma?

A

Fasting blood glucose < 60
Low insulin levels

Surgical biopsy
Response to treatment

** older ferret dz***

66
Q

What medical therapy is there for treating insulinoma?

A

Maintaining blood glucose

** Pred— gluconeogenic effect (start low dose and increase as needed)

Diazoxide is insulin blocker
Dietary management - low carbs

Can do nodulectomy or partial pancreatectomy

67
Q

Common tumor types in ferrets?

A

Adrenal
Insulinoma
Lymphosarcoma
mast cell tumor

68
Q

T/F: mast cell tumors only occur in the skin, in ferrets

A

True

Can be itchy and bloody
Surgical removal PRN

69
Q

T/F: lymphosarcoma is a neoplasic dz of both young and old ferrets

A

True

Usually muticentric lymphadenopathy

70
Q

How is LSA diagnosed in ferret

A

Splenic aspiration or tissue biopsy

Bone marrow to stage

71
Q

How do you treat LSA ?

A

Surgical debulk

Chemo : COP (cyclophosphamide, vincrine, pred)

Prednisone alone - palliative

72
Q

Common cardiovascular diseases of ferrets?

A

DCM and HCM

Heartworm

RUSVM Special Species - FINAL (5 decks)

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