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RUSVM Special Species - FINAL > Ferrets > Flashcards

Ferrets Flashcards

1
Q

Mustela nigripes is what kind of ferret?

A

Black footed ferret

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2
Q

What is the lifespan of a ferret?

A

7-8yrs

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3
Q

About how much does an adult ferret weigh?

A

Females 600-900gms

Males 800-1400gms

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4
Q

What is waardenburg syndrome?

A

Color linked congenital deafness seen in blaze and panda ferrets

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5
Q

When auscultation HR in a ferret.. where is it located?

A

Causally situated

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6
Q

The cranial mediastinum is an important area for tumors in ferrets.. what common tumor is found here?

A

Lymphoma

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7
Q

Normal heart rate and variations seen in ECG in ferrets?

A

Rate 180-230bpm
Tall R waves

Sinus arrhythmia are normal

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8
Q

Common cardiac condition of ferrets?

A

Dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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9
Q

T/f: A large spleen in a ferret indicates disease

A

False

Spleen is usually big in ferret
Can be benign extra-medullary hematopoiesis

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10
Q

What type of diet do you recommend for ferrets?

A

Strict carnivores

Protein (35-40%)
High fat (15-20%)
Low fiber

Natural (raw) diet
Commercial prep

Avoid grain-free formulations —-> lead to cystine stone formation

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11
Q

How should ferrets be housed?

A

Escape proof cage

Multilevels
Sleeping area
Litter box
Water bottle

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12
Q

How should ferrets be restrained?

A

Can scruff— induces yawn reflex

‘nutrical’ technique - distract them with treats

Ferretone -oil supplement

Chemical restraint - iso/sevoflurane
Injectable - torbugesic/midazolam/alfaxalone/dexdormtor

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13
Q

What are the benefits and disadvantages of dexdormitor in ferrets

A

Advantages — causes a short sedation in healthy ferret and can be reversed with atipamezole

Disadvantages — causes vasoconstriction.. not good for catheters or blood draws

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14
Q

What vaccinations are given to ferret

A

Distemper and rabies

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15
Q

T/F: you can use the canine distemper product in the ferret

A

False

Must use a product that is modified through chick embryo
Monovalent vaccines

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16
Q

What would you see if you give a ferret the canine distemper product instead of the ferret product?

A

Fatal
Skin disease on mouth and footpads
— pemphigus

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17
Q

What rabies vax is labeled for ferret?

A

Imrab — given yearly SQ

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18
Q

What are common vaccine reactions?

A

Anaphylaxis: GI and cardiovascular

**Pre med with diphenhydramine prior to vaccine (10-15mins)

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19
Q

How do you treat a vaccine rxn in ferret?

A

Dexamethasone SP, epinephrine, IV fluids

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20
Q

How much blood can you take from ferret?

A

10% of body weight (=10% of blood volume)

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21
Q

What venipuncture sites can you use in ferret?

A 
Cephalic vein 
Lateral saphenous 
Crainial vena cava 
Jugular vein 
Tail vein

22g needle

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22
Q

TF: you should heparinzie your syringe prior to blood draw in ferret

A

True

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23
Q

What is normal ph of urine in ferret?

A

Low

5.5-6.5

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24
Q

How does a high grain diet affect urine ph/

A

Raises pH —> crystal formation (struvite)

Similar to cats

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25
What are common causes of urinary tract obstructions in ferret?
Urolith/crystal Prostatomegally Adrenal dz
26
T/F: all prostatomegaly is caused by adrenal disease
True
27
How can you treat prostatomegaly in ferret?
Pass urinary catheter to unblock | Cysto may be needed to empty bladder
28
What features of the urethra do you need to be aware of so you can catheterize a ferret?
Small urethra with crooked os penis Use 3.0 or 3.5 French / slippery sam cath 24g jelco catheter can help
29
You want to give IV fluids to a ferret.. what technique will you use?
Sedation required Make a small nick in skin with 22g needle (thick skin) to feed 24g catheter through Wrap well and monitor — chewing and tangle line
30
What can intraosseous catheters be used for?
Blood transfusions Dextrose admin Shock fluid Bone marrow aspiration
31
What site can you have a IO catheter or aspiration bone marrow in ferret?
Head of femur
32
T/F: ferrets dont have blood groups
True Multiple transfusions are ok!
33
How much blood can you transfuse into ferret?
Up to 10% of blood vol but 7-8% is safer
34
When is splenic aspiration indicated in ferret?
Irregular spleen on palpation Abnormal ultrasound Anemia of unknown cause Lymphosarcoma
35
How must you give oral medications in ferret?
Cannot pill a ferret Oral suspension — must be palatable
36
Analgesics that can be used in ferret?
``` Carprofen Meloxicam Buprenorphine Torbugesic Tramadol ``` ** ferrets are very sensitive to sedative effects of parenteral opioids
37
Common GI disease of ferret?
``` Dental dz Foreign body ingestion Helicobacter gastroenteritis Inflammatory bowl dz Lymphosarcoma ```
38
T/F: hard kibble is good for ferrets and prevents dental disease by removing tartar
False Hard kibble actually damages enamel and predisposes tartar — > gingivitis and periodontal dz
39
_________ in ferrets leads to mouth pawing. Often causes ulcers and fistulas in oral cavity
Nausea
40
Etiologies of gastric ulcer in ferret?
Kidney dz - uremic gastritis (ibuprofen toxicity) Foreign body Toxin Helicobacter mustelae
41
Most ferrets have helicobacter... what can cause them to develop ulcers associated with this bacteria?
Stress
42
Clinical signs of gastric ulcer in ferret?
Melena Bruxism and ptyalism Anorexia or inappetance Vomiting uncommon Chronic weight loss
43
How can you diagnose helicobacter gastritis?
``` Difficult to culture Gastric or duodenal mucosal biopsy Sliver stain (warthin-starry) PCR swab of mucosa Clinical signs ```
44
How do you treat helicobacter???
“Triple therapy” Amoxicillin and metronidazole (flagyl) Bismuth subsalicylate Antacid (famotidine) Sucralfate Clarithromycin Supportive care: fluids
45
In what age groups do we most commonly see foreign bodies?
Young <2 (often rubber) | Old >3 (trichobezoars)
46
Clinical signs of foreign body?
Anorexia and weight loss Diarrhea; melena Acutely weak Not usually vomiting
47
How do you diagnose FB in ferret
Clinical signs Abdominal palpation Rads +/- contrast Exploratory surgery
48
Treatment of FB in ferret
Supportive care Medical - fluid,, lubricant, antibiotics Surgery if needed Prog is usually good
49
What is on your list of differentials in a ferret with diarrhea?
``` FB Dietary indiscretion Enteric coronavirus Inflammatory bowel dz Intestinal lymphoma Proliferative bowel disease GI parasites ```
50
What is the signalment and usual clinical seems with proliferative bowel dz?
Young <1yr Diarrhea and anorexia Rectal prolapse Thickened bowel on palpation
51
What infectious agent has been associated with proliferative bowel disease?
Lawsonia intracellular is
52
Best therapy for proliferative bowel dz?
Chloramphenicol
53
You have a multiple ferret household.. The young ferrets seem to be fine, but the older ones have a green slimy diarrhea and are anorexic.. what is your dx and how will you treat?
Viral diarrhea “ epizootic catarrhal entertis” — coronavirus Supportive care Can result in a chronic malabsorption
54
Ferret comes into clinic with a “bird seed” tan diarrhea.. this is most consistent with what GI dz and how would you treat?
Inflammatory bowel dz — chronic malabsorption syndrome Immune-suppressive agents like pred or azathioprine
55
Two most common endorcine dz in ferret?
Hyperadrenocortisim | Insulinoma
56
T/F: most ferrets have adrenal disease
True Can be uni or bilateral Related to spay and neuter (pituitary-adrenal-gonad closely retailed)
57
Hyperadreanlcortisims in ferrrets is a ____________ producing tumor
Hormone Eg progesterone, androgen, and estrogen this is not cushings
58
Clinical signs associated with hyperadrenocortisim in ferret?
``` Hair loss Pruritus Swollen vulva (could also be a female in heat R/O intact females) Prostatomegaly Stronger smell Sexual behaviour ```
59
Hyperadreanocortisms in male ferrets causes what disease?
Prostatic dz - becomes cystic Can also see urinary obstruction
60
Treatment of adrenal disease in ferreted
goal is to reduce sex hormones — leuprolide Surgical adrenalectomy Or Both Recurrence is likely on other gland
61
The end stage of adrenal disease you get bone marrow suppression which manifests how in the integument?
Petechial hemorrhage
62
Why do most surgeons do a subtotal adrenalectomy on the right?
Attachment to vena cava
63
What is an insulinoma?
Tumor of B cells of pancreas | Overproduction of insulin causing hypoglycemia
64
Clinical signs of insulinoma?
``` Episodic weakness Drooling/inappetence Difficult to arouse Weak in rear end Coma and seizure ```
65
How can you diagnose insulinoma?
Fasting blood glucose < 60 Low insulin levels Surgical biopsy Response to treatment ** older ferret dz***
66
What medical therapy is there for treating insulinoma?
Maintaining blood glucose ** Pred— gluconeogenic effect (start low dose and increase as needed) Diazoxide is insulin blocker Dietary management - low carbs Can do nodulectomy or partial pancreatectomy
67
Common tumor types in ferrets?
Adrenal Insulinoma Lymphosarcoma mast cell tumor
68
T/F: mast cell tumors only occur in the skin, in ferrets
True Can be itchy and bloody Surgical removal PRN
69
T/F: lymphosarcoma is a neoplasic dz of both young and old ferrets
True Usually muticentric lymphadenopathy
70
How is LSA diagnosed in ferret
Splenic aspiration or tissue biopsy Bone marrow to stage
71
How do you treat LSA ?
Surgical debulk Chemo : COP (cyclophosphamide, vincrine, pred) Prednisone alone - palliative
72
Common cardiovascular diseases of ferrets?
DCM and HCM | Heartworm

RUSVM Special Species - FINAL (5 decks)

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