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Duke-NUS MS1 > RA6 Nervous System and Muscle > Flashcards

RA6 Nervous System and Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

Divisions of the nervous system

A

Central nervous system: Brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system:
- Sensory (afferent) vs motor (efferent)

PNS Motor:
- Somatic (voluntary ) vs autonomic (involuntary)

Autonomic nervous system:
- Sympathetic (fight or flight) vs parasympathetic (rest and digest)
- Enteric (digestive system)

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2
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Consists of?
- Dervied from?

A
  • Brain and spinal cord
  • Derived from neural plate
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3
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- Consists of?
- Derived from?

A
  • Nerves and ganglia that lie outside the brain and spinal cord
  • Derived from neural crest
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4
Q

PNS:
Somatic vs autonomic nervous system
- Controls what kind of movement?
- Composed of how many neurons?

A

Somatic:
- Controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles
- Composed of a single neuron that synapses directly onto the target

Autonomic
- Controls involuntary movement of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands
- Composed of two neurons in series with a single synpase before synapsing onto the target

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5
Q

ANS: Parasympathetic vs sympathetic nervous system
- Function
- What kind of nerves?
- What kind of neurotransmitters?

A

Parasymapthetic:
- “Rest and digest”
- Craniosacral nerves
- Cholinergic: acetylcholine

Sympathetic:
- “Fight of flight”
- Thoracolumbar nerves
- Noradrenergic: norepinephrine - except sweat glands (cholinergic: acetylcholine)

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6
Q

Enteric nervous system
- What does it innervate?
- Function?
- Regulated by?

A
  • Innervates the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and gall bladder
  • Independently controls peristalsis, absorption, and secretion of fluids and enzymes
  • Regulated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
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7
Q

Nissl bodies

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum in neurons

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8
Q

Dendrites
1. Function?
2. Organelles?
3. Myelinated?
4. Generate what kind of potential?
5. Specialised structures?

A
  1. Signal reception
  2. Typical cytoplasmic elements, RER/SER, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus
  3. NOT myelinated
  4. Generate graded potentials
  5. Form dendritic spines: specialised postsynaptic strutures
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9
Q

Axons
1. Function?
2. Organelles?
3. Myelinated?
4. Generate what kind of potential?
5. Specialised structures?

A
  1. Signal conduction
  2. Few organelles, only has SER
  3. May be myelinated or unmyelinated
  4. Generate action potentials
  5. Form axon terminals: presynaptic sites containing synpatic vesicles
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10
Q

Axon hillock
1. Function?
2. Organelles?
3. Myelinated?
4. Generate what kind of potential?

A
  1. Signal integration
  2. Few organelles
  3. NOT myelinated
  4. Subject to graded potentials
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11
Q

Synaptic transmission

A
  1. Action potnetial reaches terminal
  2. Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open
  3. Influx of Ca2+ induces vesicle docking (a) and/or formation of pore complex (b)
  4. Neurotransmitter released into synaptic cleft
  5. Neurotransmitter binds to receptors/channels on postsynaptic membrane
  6. Neurotransmitter removed from cleft via degredation (e.g. acetylecholinesterase) or re-uptake (e.g. serotonin)
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12
Q

Anterograde axonal transport
1. Fast or slow?
2. Utilises what motor protein?
3. + or - end directed?

A
  1. Can be fast or slow
  2. Utilises kinesins
  3. Generally + end directed
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13
Q

Retrograde axonal transport
1. Fast or slow?
2. Utilises what motor protein?
3. + or - end directed?

A
  1. Generally fast only
  2. Utilises dynein
  3. Generally - end directed
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14
Q

Glial cells

A

Non-neuronal cells that provide physical and chemical support to neurons and maintain their environment

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15
Q

Types of glial cells
1. PNS: 2 types
2. CNS: 4 types

A

PNS (nerual crest derived):
1. Schwann cells
2. Satellite cells

CNS (neural plate derived):
1. Oligodendrocytes
2. Astrocytes
3. Microglia
4. Ependymal cells

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16
Q

Schwann cells
1. Location?
2. Derived from?
3. Function?

A
  1. Located in the PNS
  2. Derived from neural crest
  3. Insulate peripheral axons by forming myelin sheath
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17
Q
  1. One Schwann cell can ensheath how many axons?
  2. One Schwann cell can myelinate how many axons?
A
  1. One Schwann cell can ensheath (but not myelinate) multiple axons.
  2. One Schwann cell can only myelinate ONE axon.
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18
Q

Myelination requires vitamin (…)

A

Myelination requires vitamin B12

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19
Q

Function of myelin sheath

A

Insulate axons and enable saltatory conduction

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20
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Axonal regions between adjacent Schwann cells not covered by myelin sheath

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21
Q

Satellite cells
1. Location?
2. Derived from?
3. Function?

A
  1. Located in the PNS
  2. Derived neural crest
  3. Surround the cells bodies in PNS ganglia and maintain their surrounding envrionment
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22
Q

Oligodendrocytes
1. Location?
2. Derived from?
3. Function?

A
  1. Located in the CNS
  2. Derived from neural plate
  3. Form myelin sheath around CNS axons
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23
Q

How many axons can one Schwann cell vs one oligodendrocyte myelinate?

A
  • One Schwann cell can myelinate one axon
  • One oligodendrocyte can myelinate multiple axons
24
Q

Astrocytes
1. Location?
2. Derived from?
3. Function?
4. Shape?

A
  1. Located in the CNS
  2. Derived from neural plate
  3. Respond to injuries (reactive gliosis/astrocytosis - forms glial scar), help to maintain the blood-brain-barrier (contact with endothelial cells induces formation of extensive tight junction between endothelial cells in CNS capillaries; signals to pericytes to maintain vessel integrity)
  4. Star-shaped
25
Q

Microglia
1. Location?
2. Derived from?
3. Function?

A
  1. Located in the CNS
  2. Derived from neural plate
  3. Resident macrophage cells of the CNS; phagocytotic (derived from blood monocytes)
26
Q

Ependymal cells
1. Location?
2. Derived from?
3. Function?

A
  1. Located in the CNS
  2. Derived from neural plate
  3. Line the brain ventricles and spinal canal. Ependymal cells of CHOROID PLEXUS secrete cerebrospinal fluid
27
Q

Gray Matter
1. Location in brain vs spinal cord
2. Contents

A
  1. Periphery of brain, inner area of spinal cord
  2. Contains neuron cell bodies
28
Q

White matter
1. Location in brain vs spinal cord
2. Contents

A
  1. Inner area of brain, periphery of spinal cord
  2. Contains axons
29
Q

The meninges that cover the CNS are neural (…) derived

A

The meninges that cover the CNS are neural crest derived

30
Q

Epineurium
- Location?
- What kind of tissue?
- What does it contain?

A
  • Surrounds the whole nerve bundle, which contains multiple nerve fascicles
  • Dense irregular connective tissue
  • Contains blood vessels and adipose tissue
31
Q

Perineurium
- Location?
- What properties does its cells have?

A
  • Surrounds each individual nerve fascicle
  • Contains cells with contractile properties and tight junctions that form a blood-nerve barrier (myoepithelial)
32
Q

Endoneurium
- Location?
- What kind of tissue?

A
  • Surrounds each axon in a nerve fascicle
  • Delicate collagen fibrils
33
Q

Are injured axons able to regenerate in the PNS vs CNS?

A
  • PNS: axons are able to regenerate
  • CNS: axons do not readily regenerate due to inhibition by glial scar (formed from reactive gliosis by astrocytes)
34
Q

Motor unit

A

Consists of a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it controls

35
Q

A muscle fibre is usually innervated by how many neurons?

A

A muscle fibre is usually innervated by a single neuron

36
Q

Motor end plate

A
  • The part of the muscle cell membrane where the neuron synapses
  • AKA neuromuscular junction
37
Q

Alpha motor neurons (efferent)
- What does it innervate?
- Function?

A
  • Innervate extrafusal muscle fibers
  • Generates force for posture and movement
38
Q

Gamma motor neurons (efferent)
- What does it innervate?
- Function?

A
  • Innervates intrafusal muscle fibers in the muscle spindle
  • Controls the length of the muscle spindle
39
Q

Sensory (afferent) neurons of muscle spindle
- What do they sense?
- What are the activated by?

A
  • Sense changes in and degree of stretch in the muscle spindle
  • Activated by stretching of the muscle
40
Q

Stimulation of the afferent neuron coming from a muscle spindle in a limb muscle leads to:
A. stimulation of a single muscle
B. relaxation of a single muscle
C. contraction of the muscle and relaxation of the antagonistic muscle
D. relaxation of the muscle and contraction of the antagonistic muscle

A

C. contraction of the muscle and relaxation of the antagonistic muscle

  • The afferent neuron senses stretch - stimulation means the muscle is being stretched/overstretched.
  • Reflex: afferent neuron senses that muscle is overstretched -> contraction of muscle -> relaxation of opposing muscle.
41
Q

Sensory (afferent) neuron of Golgi tendon organ
- What do they sense?
- What are the activated by?

A
  • Senses tension (contraction) generated by the muscle
  • Activated by contraction of the muscle
42
Q

Stimulation of the afferent neuron coming from a Golgi tendon organ in a limb muscle leads to:
A. stimulation of a single muscle
B. relaxation of a single muscle
C. contraction of the muscle and relaxation of the antagonistic muscle
D. relaxation of the muscle and contraction of the antagonistic muscle

A

D. relaxation of the muscle and contraction of the antagonistic muscle
- The afferent neuron senses tension/contraction - stimulation means the muscle is being contracted.
- Reflex: afferent neuron senses that muscle is contracted -> relaxation of muscle -> contraction of opposing muscle.

43
Q

Striated skeletal muscle fiber
1. Size of cell
2. No. of nuclei
3. Location of nuclei
4. Somatic or autonomic nervous system?

A
  1. Large cell
  2. Multinucleated
  3. Nuclei on periphery of cell
  4. Somatic nervous system
44
Q

Striated cardiac muscle fiber
1. Size of cell
2. No. of nuclei
3. Somatic or autonomic nervous system?
4. Special feature?

A
  1. Small
  2. 1-2 nuclei
  3. Autonomic nervous system
  4. Connected by specialised junctions
45
Q

Smooth muscle cell
1. Size of cell
2. No. of nuclei
3. Location of nuclei
4. Somatic or autonomic nervous system?

A
  1. Small
  2. Single nucleated
  3. Nucleus in the center of the cell
  4. Autonomic nervous system
46
Q

Muscle structure

A

Sarcomere: Contains actin (thin) and myosin (thick) filaments

Myofibril: Contains many sarcomeres in series

Muscle fiber: Contains many myofibrils

47
Q

Sarcomere structure
- 3 bands
- 2 lines

A
  • A band (dark band): contains thick myosin and overlapping actin
  • I band (light band): contains thin actin only
  • H band: contains thick myosin only
  • Z line: marks the ends/boundaries of each sarcomere
  • M line: middle of the sarcomere, through the middle of the myosin (A band)
48
Q

During muscle contraction, the (…) band and (…) band are shortened, but the (…) band remains unchanged

A

During muscle contraction, the I band and H band are shortened, but the A band remains unchanged

49
Q

Excitation-Contraction (E-C) Coupling

A
  1. Action potential passes down the T tubule and opens dihydropyridine receptor (DHP), an L-type Ca2+ channel.
  2. Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) ryanodine receptor opens, releasing Ca2+ into the cytosol.
  3. Ca2+ binds to troponin, removing blocking action of tropomyosin and exposing the actin to myosin heads.
  4. Cross bridges form between actin and myosin (uses ATP).
  5. SR Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) pumps Ca2+ back into SR.
  6. Ca2+ removal from troponin restores tropomyosin blocking action.
50
Q

Maximal velocity of muscle shortening occurs when there is (…) load

A

Maximal velocity of muscle shortening occurs when there is zero load

51
Q

Isotonic contraction

A
  • Tension > load
  • Muscle shortens
52
Q

Isometric shortening

A
  • Tension = load
  • Muscle does not shorten
53
Q

Lengthening contraction

A
  • Load > tension
  • Muscle slowly lengthens
54
Q

Creatine phosphate hydrolysis
- Mechanism?
- High/low intensity/endurance?

A
  • Donates phosphate to convert ADP to ATP via enzyme creatine kinase in the first few seconds of muscle activity
  • High intensity, low endurance
55
Q

Anaerobic metabolism
1. Mechanism
2. What does it burn?
3. What does it produce?

A
  1. Uses glycolysis
  2. Burns glucose and muscle glycogen
  3. Produces ATP and lactic acid
56
Q

Aerobic metabolism
1. Mechanism
2. What does it burn?
3. What does it produce?
4. High/low intensity/endurance?

A
  1. Uses oxidative phosphorylation
  2. Burns glucose and fatty acids
  3. Produces ATP, CO2, and water
  4. Low intensity, high endurance
57
Q

Muscle fiber types:
Slow-oxidative
vs
Fast-oxidative-glycolytic
vs
Fast-glycolytic

  1. Aerobic/anaerobic?
  2. Function
  3. What type of muscles?
A

Slow-oxidative:
1. Aerobic
2. Resist fatigue
3. Muscles for posture

Fast-oxidative-glycolytic:
1. Aerobic + anaerobic
2. Resist fatigue
3. Muscles used in walking

Fast-glycolytic
1. Anaerobic
2. Used for outbursts of strong force
3. Muscles used to jump

Duke-NUS MS1 (12 decks)

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