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Duke-NUS MS1 > RA4 Cartilage and Bone > Flashcards

RA4 Cartilage and Bone Flashcards

1
Q

Chondrogenesis is the process of (…) formation from (…) tissue

A

Chondrogenesis is the process of cartilage formation from mesenchymal tissue

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2
Q

Cartilage consists of cells in a matrix. What are these cells called?

A

Chondroblasts and chondrocytes

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3
Q

Is cartilage vascular or avascular?

A

Avascular

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4
Q

Cell differentiation in cartilage formation:
(…) cells differentiate into (…) -> secrete (…) -> cells become completely (…) by the (…) -> become (…)

A

Mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondroblasts -> secrete extracellular matrix (ECM) components -> cells become completely surrounded by the ECM -> become chondrocytes

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5
Q

The mesenchyme most (…) to the center of chondrogenesis will become the (…)

A

The mesenchyme most superficial to the center of chondrogenesis will become the perichondrium

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6
Q

What are the two primary means of cartilage growth?

A
  1. Interstitial growth
  2. Appositional growth
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7
Q

Interstitial vs appositional growth
1. Where does it occur?
2. Mechanism

A

Interstitial growth:
1. Occurs within the tissue.
2. Cartilage grows as chondrocytes divide and produce more matrix, pushing the chondrocytes further apart.

Appositional growth:
1. Occurs on the surface of the tissue.
2. Cartilage grows as chondrocytes in the perichondrium produce and deposit matrix on the periphery of the tissue.

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8
Q

What are the components of cartilage extracellular matrix?

A
  • Protein fibers: type II collagen in all cartilage, type I collagen and elastic fibers in some cartilage.
  • Ground substance: hyaluranan, proteoglycans, glycoproteins. Contains negatively charged molecules (SO4- sulfate groups), which attract cations and water. Thus, it is highly hydrated and has a high degree of resistance.
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9
Q

Territorial vs interterritorial matrix
1. Location
2. Is it newly synthesised?
3. Content
4. Stain (light/dark)

A

Territorial matrix:
1. Adjacent to lacunae
2. Newly synthesised
3. Rich in proteoglycans. which has many SO4- sulfate groups
4. Intensely basophilic, stains darker

Interterritorial matrix:
1. Runs between chondrocytes
2. Not newly syntehesised
3. Contains more collagen fibrils
4. Stains lighter

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10
Q

What are lacunae?

A

The spaces/compartments in which chondroblasts and chondrocytes develop

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A
  1. Hyaline cartilage
  2. Elastic cartilage
  3. Fibrocartilage
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12
Q

Hyaline cartilage
vs
elastic cartilage
vs
fibrocartilage
1. Function
2. What kind of fibers does it contain?
3. Is perichondrium present?
4. Where is it found?

A

Hyaline cartilage:
1. Most common type of cartilage, forms the template for developing bones
2. Contains type II collagen (forms small fibrils)
2. Perichondrium is present
3. Found in the upper respiratory tract and articular surfaces

Elastic cartilage:
1. Gives the ability to come back into place quickly after deformation
2. Contains type II collagen and elastic fibers
3. Perichondrium is present
4. Found in the external ear and epiglottis

Fibrocartilage:
1. Resists high tensile forces - chondrocytes are arranged into long, linear strings/chains
2. Contains type I (forms thick fibers) and type II (forms small fibrils) collagen
3. Perichondrium is not present
4. Found in intervertebral discs and tendons

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13
Q

Function of cartilage:
- Provide (…)
- Resist (…)
- Precursor for formation of (…)

A
  • Provide support
  • Resist mechanical stress
  • Precursor for formation of long bones
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14
Q

What are the 4 types of bone?

A
  1. Woven (immature/primary) bone
  2. Lamellar (mature/secondary) bone
  3. Compact (cortical) bone
  4. Cancellous (spongy/trabecular) bone
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15
Q

Woven vs lamellar bone

Hint: different developmental stages

A
  • Woven bone: developing and growing bones
  • Lamellar bone: adult bones
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16
Q

Compact vs cancellous bone

Hint: different locations

A
  • Compact bone: found in the thick outer layer of bones
  • Cancellous bone: found in the inner region of bones, next to the marrow
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17
Q

Bone organisation:
periosteum vs endosteum

The periosteum covers the (…) surface of bone. It has (…) layers. The outer layer contains (…) and (…) while the inner layer contains (…) and (…). The periosteum is attached to the bone matrix via (…).

The endosteum covers the (…) surface of bone. It contains (…) and (…).

A

The periosteum covers the external surface of bone. It has two layers. The outer layer contains collagen fibers and fibroblasts while the inner layer contains osteoblasts and mesenchymal stem cells. The periosteum is attached to the bone matrix via Sharpey fibers (collagen fibers).

The endosteum covers the internal surface of bone. It contains osteoblasts and bone-lining cells.

18
Q

What are the 4 lamellar systems of compact bone?

A
  1. Osteons (Haversian systems): arranged in a circular formation around a central canal (Haversian canal).
  2. Outer circumferential lamellae: located next to the periosteum, contains Sharpey fibers.
  3. Inner circumferential lamellae: lines the marrow cavity.
  4. Interstitial lamellae: found between the osteons; are remnants of old osteons.
19
Q

Osteoblasts secrete (…), which becomes (…)

A

Osteoblasts secrete bone matrix, which becomes calcified

20
Q

Osteo(…) differentiate into osteo(…)

A

Osteoblasts differentiate into osteocytes

21
Q

What are the 4 types of bone cells?

A
  1. Osteoblasts
  2. Osteocytes
  3. Osteoclasts
  4. Bone-lining cells
22
Q

Compare the 4 types of bone cells (osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, bone-lining cells)
1. Derived from what kind of cells?
2. Function

A

Osteoblasts:
1. Derived from mesenchymal stem cells.
2. Secrete the bone matrix and the macromolecules required for the calcification of the bone matrix. Differentiate into osteocytes.

Osteocytes:
1. Derived/differentiated from osteoblasts.
2. Regulate the activity of osteoblasts (bone formation) and osteoclasts (bone resorption).

Osteoclasts:
1. Derived from monocytes.
2. Secrete protons and hydrolytic enzymes to dissolve the bone matrix - prevents the bone from becoming too dense.

Bone-lining cells:
1. Derived from osteoblasts.
2. Remain on the surface of the bone when there is no active growth.

23
Q

Function of bone:
- (…) and (…) soft tissues and internal organs
- Site for (…) of muscles and tendons
- Production of (…)
- Storage of (…) and (…)

A
  • Support and protect soft tissues and internal organs
  • Site for attachment of muscles and tendons
  • Production of blood
  • Storage of calcium and phosphate
24
Q

What does the inorganic component of bone ECM contain?

A

Calcium and phosphorus in the form of hydroxyapatite (CaPO4) crystals - critical for calcification of matrix

25
Q

What does the organic component of bone ECM contain?

A
  • Type I collagen
  • Sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
  • Glycoproteins: osteocalcin and osteonectin (bind calcium), and osteopontin (helps osteoblasts and osteoclasts stick the surface of the bone)
26
Q

Long bones are formed through (…) ossification.

Flat bones are formed through (…) ossification.

A

Long bones are formed through endochondral ossification.

Flat bones are formed through intramembranous ossification.

27
Q

Intramembranous ossification:

(…) cells aggregate -> differentiate into (…) -> secrete (…) -> woven bone forms in a pattern of (…) -> periosteum forms from the (…).

A

Mesenchymal cells aggregate -> differentiate into osteoblasts -> secrete bone matrix -> woven bone forms in a pattern of trabeculae -> periosteum forms from the outer mesenchyme.

28
Q

Endrochondral ossification:

Initial ossification begins at the (…).

(…) model of bone develops -> production of (…) -> secretion of (…) -> forms bony collar, which prevents diffusion of (…) and (…) to chondrocytes -> chondrocytes undergo (…) -> matrix undergoes (…), which furhter inhibits (…) and (…) -> chondrocytes (…) -> (…) penetrate calcified matrix -> osteoprogenitor and hemopoietic stem cells arrive via the blood vessels -> osteoblasts differentiate and secrete (…) on top of the calcified cartilage -> forms (…) -> repeat process of cartilage replacement throughout entire (…).

A

Initial ossification begins at the diaphysis.

Cartilage model of bone develops -> production of osteoblasts -> secretion of bone matrix -> forms bony collar, which prevents diffusion of oxygen and nutrients to chondrocytes -> chondrocytes undergo hypertrophy -> matrix undergoes calcification, which furhter inhibits oxygen and nutrients -> chondrocytes die -> blood vessels penetrate calcified matrix -> osteoprogenitor and hemopoietic stem cells arrive via the blood vessels -> osteoblasts differentiate and secrete bone matrix on top of the calcified cartilage -> forms primary ossification center -> repeat process of cartilage replacement throughout entire diaphysis.

  • Epiphyses (ends of bones) remain as cartilage until formation of a secondary ossification center.
  • Epiphyseal plate remains to allow bone to grow.
  • Once bone growth is complete, cartilage in epiphyseal plates no longer proliferates.
29
Q

Osteo(…) differentiate into osteo(…)

A

Osteoblasts differentiate into osteocytes

29
Q

What are the 4 zones of epiphyseal cartilage?

A
  1. Zone of resting cartilage: chondrocytes are not actively dividing or producing ECM components.
  2. Zone of proliferating cartilage: chondrocytes are actively dividing and producing ECM components.
  3. Zone of hypertrophy: chondrocytes are undergoing hypertrophy but still producing ECM components. Located near to the marrow.
  4. Zone of calcifying cartilage and bone deposition: chondrocytes begin to die, which calcifies the ECM. Directly contacts the marrow, which is rich with blood vessels and osteoprogenitor cells -> bone formation.
29
Q

Cartilage vs bone
1. Water content
2. Type of collagen
3. Growth mechanism (interstitial, appositional)
4. Vascularised?

A

Cartilage:
1. Water content: 70%
2. Type I and II collagen
3. Grows by interstitial and appositional growth
4. Avascular

Bone:
1. Water content: 25&
2. Type I collagen
3. Grows by appositional growth only
4. Hihgly vascular

30
Q

Osteocytes communicate with each other via tiny tunnels through the calicfied matrix called (…)

A

Osteocytes communicate with each other via tiny tunnels through the calicfied matrix called canaliculi

31
Q

Osteocytes communicate with each other via tiny tunnels through the calicfied matrix called (…)

A

Osteocytes communicate with each other via tiny tunnels through the calicfied matrix called canaliculi

31
Q

Volkmann’s channels connect the (…) of osteons and run (…) to the Haversian canal

A

Volkmann’s channels connect the vasculature of osteons and run perpendicular to the Haversian canal

32
Q

Label the structure of long bone

A
33
Q

Osteocytes communicate with each other via tiny tunnels through the calicfied matrix called (…)

A

Osteocytes communicate with each other via tiny tunnels through the calicfied matrix called canaliculi

33
Q

Volkmann’s channels connect the (…) of osteons and run (…) to the Haversian canal

A

Volkmann’s channels connect the vasculature of osteons and run perpendicular to the Haversian canal

33
Q

Label the structure of long bone

A
  • Epiphysis
  • Metaphysis
  • Diaphysis
  • Articular cartilage
  • Epiphyseal line
  • Marrow cavity
  • Periosteum
  • Compact bone
  • Spongy bone
34
Q

Osteocytes communicate with each other via tiny tunnels through the calicfied matrix called (…)

A

Osteocytes communicate with each other via tiny tunnels through the calicfied matrix called canaliculi

34
Q

Volkmann’s channels connect the (…) of osteons and run (…) to the Haversian canal

A

Volkmann’s channels connect the vasculature of osteons and run perpendicular to the Haversian canal

35
Q

Label the structure of long bone

A
  • Epiphysis
  • Metaphysis
  • Diaphysis
  • Articular cartilage
  • Epiphyseal line
  • Marrow cavity
  • Periosteum
  • Compact bone
  • Spongy bone
35
Q

Intramembranous ossification vs encochondral ossification

A

Intramembranous ossification: forms directly from embryonic mesenchyme.

Endochondral ossification: hyaline cartilage model is initially formed, which is then replaced by bone.

Duke-NUS MS1 (12 decks)

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