RA Drugs- DMARDs Flashcards
The treatment of RA is progressive. What do most clinicians start with?
a DMARD like METHOTREXATE with the addition of an NSAID and a corticosteroid
How is RA treated initiated in milder cases?
Hydroxychloroquine is preferred because of lower toxicity
What is considered in RA treatment after initial treatment failure?
a first-line biological agent such as Etanercept, Infliximab, Adalimumab, Golimumab, or Certolizumab
T or F. Experience shows that early, aggressive treatment with MTX and/or a biological agent results in longer disease-free remission, less joint destruction, and a better quality of life
T.
What are the results of Methotrexate use?
inhibition of lymphocyte
proliferation and suppression of several pro-inflammatory mediators (Il-1, IFN-y, and TNF) via tonic adenosine activation.
What process does Methotrexate undergo that helps retain it in the cell?
polyglutamation
High-dose methotrexate therapy is associated with what?
bone marrow suppression, although this may not be problematic at doses used in the treatment of arthritis.
How is Methotrexate metabolized?
hepatic (contraindicated with alcoholism, or other hepatic disease)
How is Methotrexate eliminated?
renal (hydrate and alkalination to avoid damage)
AEs of Methotrexate?
- opportunistic infection, tumor
- malignant lymphoma
- derm rxns
- severe GI toxicity -irreversible pulmonary fibrosis
What can increase the risk of Gi toxicity with methotrexate use?
concurrent NSAID use
Is Methotrexate safe in pregnancy or breast-feeding?
No, category X
T or F. Vaccinations should be avoided while on methotrexate
T. Ab response may be suboptimal
How is Sulfasalazine metabolized?
to sulfapyridine and melamine by colon bacteria which are then acetylated and hydroxylated in the liver (look out for slow acetylators)
How does Sulfasalazine help in RA?
anti-inflammatory properties from melamine, an inhibitor of PG and leukotriene production
How is Sulfasalazine eliminated?
renal
Contraindications of Sulfasalazine?
PMH of hypersensitivity to salicylate or sulfonamide drugs
AEs of Sulfasalazine?
fatal blood dyscrasia
How does Leflunomide work?
inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzed a key step in de novo pyrimidine synthesis causing cell cycle arrest in T/B lymphocytes
Is Leflunomide safe in pregnancy?
no, category X
T or F. Leflunomide metabolites produce a uricosuric effect
T. that is, it increases the renal elimination of uric acid
How is Hydroxychloroquine used for RA treatment (note it is also used for malaria and SLE treatment)?
increases intracellular vacuole pH thus inhabiting the acidic cytoplasmic compartments required for antigenic protein digestion and peptide assembly with the alpha and beta chains of MCH class II proteins
AEs of Hydroxychloroquine?
- blood dyscrasia
- CNS toxicity (seizures, ototoxicity, polyneuritis)
- rarely causes coral opacities, retinopathy, or keratopathy
Contraindications to Hydroxychloroquine use?
- hepatic disease (concentrates in liver normally)
- ocular disease
Monitoring parameters for Methotrexate?
CBC with differential, LFT, serum creatine/BUN, pregnancy test
and serum uric acid
Monitoring parameters for Sulfasalazine?
CBC with differential, LFT, serum creatine/BUN and urinalysis
Monitoring parameters for Leflunamide?
CBC with differential, LFT, pregnancy test and serum electrolytes
Monitoring parameters for Hydroxychloroquine?
CBC and opthalmalogic exam
How do corticosteroids work?
Nf-kB, activator protein (AP)-1 and NF-AT all inhibited leading to reduced production of TNF-a, IL-1, and thus IL-6 AND
other mechanisms
Mechanism of some AEs of corticosteroids?
upregulation of receptor-activator of nuclear factor kB (RANKL) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (MCF) and down regulation of osteoprotegerin