R4.1 Agricultural and Social Developments in the Countryside, 1929-41 Flashcards
Stalin committed the USSR to collective farming in…
The Great Turn of 1928
What was the initial emphasis for collectivization?
Voluntary collectivization, this didn’t work very well
By 1929 less than … % of all farms had been collectivized
5 percent
What did Stalin announce in December 1929?
That he would annihilate all Kulaks
What was the “Urals-Siberian Method” and when was it used
In May 1929, the type of grain requisitioning that was enforced on all grain producing regions of the USSR
What was collectivization like for poorer peasants?
They had a lot to gain from the richer peasants’ land, livestock and equipment. As well as share in harvests
What happened in November 1929
25k party activists were sent out to find kulaks, however this just involved searching for hidden grain and enforcing collectivization.
Who assisted the 25k party activists 1929?
Local Police, OGPU and the Red Army
What was the main motive for peasants to collectivize
Fear, they had seen what was happening to Kulaks
How did some peasants try avoiding being labelled as Kulaks
Destroying crops and livestock, adding to rural problems
What did Stalin announce January 1930?
that 25% of grain farming areas were to be collectivised that year
By March 1930 what percentage of peasant households were collectivized?
58%
Why was a brief voluntary collectivization period in 1930 permitted?
Because the speed at which it was happening made Stalin think the locals were being too rigorous and confrontational
What happened to peasants after collectivization was made voluntary 1930?
Many would leave with their livestock if they weren’t Kulaks and in October 1930 20% remained collectivised
What happened in 1941
Collectivisation reached near 100% of households
What are Kolkhozes created from?
combining small individual farms that already existed
What are Sovkhozes created from?
Land that was once tsarist-era large estates, whilst members were landless rural labourers
How was Kolkhoz pay sorted?
farm earnings divided by the number of labour days that member contributed
How was Sovkhoz pay sorted?
classified as workers and paid a wage for their work
Did both Sovkhoz and Kovkhoz allow privacy?
Both allowed private plots
What were three similarities between Sovkhoz and Kovkhoz?
-Both required to meet high quota
-Price set for these quota were low
–After 1932, Kolkhozniks and Sovkhoz members were restricted by internal passports to stop them leaving
What does MTS stand for?
Machine Tractor Stations
What was the purpose of Mechanisation?
In order to increase the efficiency of farming, reducing peasants needed and letting them work in cities
When were MTS established and why
From 1931, to provide seed and to hire out their machinery
How many MTS were established?
2500
How many MTS for every collective farm?
1 MTS for every 40 collective farms by 1940
Who were sent out to advise peasantry on using machinery?
Agronomists, veterinary surgeons, surveyors and technicians
By the end of 1938 how many lorries used in agriculture?
196000
Were was most hostility towards collectivisation centred?
Ukraine
