R2.3 Social and Economic Developments Flashcards
Which years were State Capitalism and War communism?
1917-18 were State Capitalism
1918-21 were War Communism
What key events happened in 1917?
February- Decree on Land (abolish private ownership)
November - Decree on workers control of factories
December - Nationalisation of the banks
What key events happened in 1918?
June - war communism began
September - Intensification of the Red Terror Nationalisation of Factories and Railways
What key events happened 1919?
January - Start of Compulsory grain requisitioning
What key events happened 1920?
August - Outbreak of Tambov Revolt
December - Industrial production at 20 percent of 1913 levels
what key events happened 1921 onwards?
March - Kronstadt Rising
June - Final defeat of Tambov revolt
What are examples of state control?
-Nationalisation of banks(1917) and railways(1918)
-Establishment Vesenkha(1917)
-Establishment of GOELRO 1920
What were three main problems with state capitalism?
-Many Bolsheviks don’t want halfway house but rather full state control of economy
-Allowing factory workers to take control reduce production
-Peasants having control over selling of grain meant prices spike
What was the problem of falling industrial production?
-Factory supplies disrupted by fighting
-Workers join Red Army or return to Countryside
-Between Jan 1917-18 Urban proletariat decline from 3.6 mil to 1.4 mil
-Peasants hoard grain without products to buy
What was the problem of fighting in the countryside?
-Peasants were better off than urban workers
-Villages were attacked by reds and whites
What was the problem of food shortages in the cities?
-Lost land from treaty
-Hostile foreign powers refuse to supply with grain
-Early 1918, bread ration 50g a day
-Many resort to black market
What was the problem of Disease and Starvation?
-Unsanitary living conditions, lack of doctors and medical supplies lead to many deaths
-Approx 5 mil died during civil war from starvation and disease
What was the features of nationalisation in War Communism?
-By 1920 nearly all factories and businesses nationalised
-Private trade banned
-Railways under military style control
What was the features of grain requisitioning in war communism?
-Food Supplies Dictatorship set up May 1918, organise requisitioning
-Peasants supposed to pay fixed price for grain, often given vouchers
-Peasant opposition common, Cheka had to be used
What was the features of labour discipline and rationing in war communism?
-Workers lost rights and freedoms of Decree on Workers Control of Factories
-Strict discipline re-imposed, fines also
-Wages replaced with ration-card workbooks.
What was the harvest of 1921 like?
Harvest of 1921 produced only 48 percent of 1913’s harvest
What happened to Russias population?
In 1913 it was 170.9 mil, by 1921 it was 130.9 mil
What was the results of depopulated cities?
-By 1921, industrial output just 20 percent of pre-war levels
-By end of 1920, population of Petrograd had fallen by 57.5 percent and Moscow by 44.5 percent
What was the red terror?
-triggered by assassination attempt on Lenin August 1918
-Cheka round up Mensheviks, SRs, anarchists and all threats
-Estimate of 500k executed
What was the Tambov Revolt?
In August 1920, peasant army of 70,000 men rose up, lasting until June 1921. Brutal crushing of revolt with 100k Red Army soldiers
What was the Kronstadt Rising?
In 1921 March, sailors at Kronstadt naval base rebel. Former loyal supporters in 1917 but by 1921 didn’t like use of terror and one-party dictatorship.
Trotsky sent Red army, imprisoning 15k rebels and killing ringleaders. Caused divisions within party though
When was NEP established?
Gosplan was established February 1921, with the NEP introduced at the Tenth Party Congress March 1921
Was the NEP voted for?
No, Lenin knew how many would object to the ideological step backwards. So did not allow a vote.
What were features of NEP in countryside?
-Grain requisitioning end
-Ban on private trade end
-Peasants could sell surplus for price of choice
