R's in Glossary Flashcards
random assignment
assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to different groups
random sample
a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Ellis, that vigorously challenges people’s illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions
recall
a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve info learned earlier, such as a fill in the blank test
reciprocal determinism
the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment
reciprocity norm
an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
recognition
a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test
reflex
a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimuli
refractory period
a resting period after orgasm, during which a man can not achieve another organism
regression toward the mean
the tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back toward their average
reinforcement
any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
reinforcement schedule
a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced.
relearning
a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time
reliability
the extent to which a test yields consistent results
REM rebound
the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation
REM sleep
rapid eye movement sleep, a reoccurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity
replication
repeating the essence of a research study to see whether or not the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances
repression
the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
resilience
the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma
resistance
the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material
respondent behavior
behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
reticular formation
a nerve network that travels though the brain stem and plays an important role in controlling arousal
retina
the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin processing of visual info
retinal disparity
a binocular cue for perceiving depth
retrieval
the process of getting info out of memory storage
retroactive interference
the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old info
retrograde amnesia
an inability to retrieve info from one’s past
reuptake
a neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by the sending neurons
rods
retinal receptors that detect black, white, and grey
role
a set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
Rorschach inkblot test
the most widely used projective test that seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
