Quiz Two Flashcards
I Olfactory
Smell
II Optic
Vision
III Oculomotor
Eye movement, pupil constriction and accommodation
IV Trochlear
(motor function): Eye movement
V Trigeminal
Muscles for chewing, general sensations from the anterior half of the head, including the face and meninges
VII Facial
Muscles used for facial expressions; tearing, salivation, and taste
VIII Vestibulocochlear
Hearing and equilibrium
IX Glossopharyngeal
Swallowing and taste
X Vagus
Breathing, speech, sweating, regulating heartbeat, stimulating muscles of the gastric region
XI Spinal accessory
Shoulder and head movements
XII Hypoglossal
Tongue movements
Parts of the integumentary system
Hair, nails, skin glands
Four ways that the integumentary system protects the body
- Covers & protects the body surface
- Lines body cavities & covers organs
- Lines the inside surfaces of hollow systems such as the digestive, respiratory, & reproductive organs
- Connects structures (bones to organs)
True or false: burns are classified according to the depth of the burn
True
Signs and symptoms of the burn degrees
1st degree: red, painful, dry, no blisters.
2nd degree: red, blisters, and swollen; scars may form. Causes severe pain
3rd degree: appears white or blackened and charred. Minimal pain due to the nerve destruction
4tg degree: no feeling in the area because the nerve endings are destroyed. Burn is leathery and dry
Treatments of the burns
First and second degree burn can be treated at home. Third and fourth degree are medical emergencies. The goal of treatment is to control pain, remove debris, prevent infection and complications, keep the pt hydrated, reduce scarring, and help regain the area’s function.
What are the three types of skin cancer?
- Squamous
- Basal
- Melanoma
What are the early warning signs of melanoma? ABCDE
A: Asymmetry: one half of the mole does not match the other half
B: Border: the edges of the mole are blurred or irregular
C: Color: the mole is not the same color throughout and has shades of tan, brown, black, red, white, or blue
D: Diameter: the mole is larger than 6mm, about the size of a pencil eraser or pea: but it could be smaller
E: Evolving: the mole changes over time
What are decubitus ulcers?
Decubitus ulcers are areas of damaged skin caused by long term pressure against the skin that limits blood flow.
What is the cause of decubitus ulcers?
They can be caused by friction, shearing, and continued pressure on the skin.
What are the stages of decubitus ulcers and what do they look like?
Stage 1: area is red and painful
Stage 2: blisters or an open sore is present.
Stage 3: a crater (an open, sunken hole) is present. Tissue below the skin is infected.
Stage 4: damage affects the muscle, bone, tendons, or joints
What are ways to prevent decubitus ulcers
Change position at least every 2 hours
Use foam or gel seat cushions in wheelchairs
Wear clothes that are not too tight or too loose. Make sure the fabric is smooth under the body.
Eat a high-protien diet, which includes meat, eggs, peanuts, milk, and fish
Increase fluid intake
Check the skin frequently for suspicious-looking areas.
What are the four lobes of the brain and the functions of each?
Frontal lobes: these lobes are responsible for personality, intelligence, concentration, self-awareness, problem solving, short-term memory, planning and judgement
Parietal lobes: these lobes are involved with reading and interpreting visual, auditory, motor, sensory, and memory signals, along with spatial and visual perception.
Occipital lobe: handle images from the eyes and connect the information with stored image memories
Temporal lobe: the top of each temporal lobe receives information from the ears and the underside of the lobe forms and retrieves sound-related memories
What does the autonomic system regulate?
It regulates involuntary functions such as breathing, heart rate, sweating, circulation, and digestion.
What is ALS?
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or Lou Gehrig disease, is a progressive neurological disorder that attacks the motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. ALS usually affects adults between 40 and 60 years of age.
What are treatments for ALS?
Riluzole may be prescribed to slow symptoms, and other medications may be given to slow symptoms. Physical therapy and assistive devices may be used. A feeding tube may help with the nutritional status. Assistance with breathing may also be needed. There is no cure for ALS.
Alzheimer’s signs and symptoms
They begin slowly; initially, there is difficulty remembering recent activities or the names of people the person knows. Affects thinking, reasoning, making judgments and decisions, memory, performing familiar tasks, personality, and behavior. Personality changes, aggression, and wandering away from home can occur.
What is multiple sclerosis (MS)?
MS is an autoimmune neurodegenerative disorder that affects the brain and spinal cord
When does MS often occur?
Between the ages 20 to 40 and affects females more than males.
How many types of MS are there?
Four.
What are treatments of MS?
There is no cure for MS. Slow progression of the disease and speed up recovery time from attacks. Corticosteroid medications may be given to reduce nerve inflammation. Ocrelizumab may be used in some cases of MS.
What is the description of a tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure
Losses consciousness. Tonic phase comes first (rigid muscles) then followed by clonic (jerking rapidly). May be incontinent of stool and urine
Last 1-3 minutes; sleepy confused afterwards
What is the description for Focal Aware seizures
Awake and alert during seizure: lasts less than 2 minutes
How are hemorrhagic strokes treated?
Antihypertensives and surgical repair of the vessel. If a person is taking an anticoagulant or antiplatelet medication, medications to reverse the effects may be given
How are Ischemic strokes treated
Clot dissolving medications that help the body break down the clot that is blocking the artery. The clot can also be removed by surgery if needed
What is a concussion
Mild form of traumatic brain injury and is the most common type of sports injury
What is a contusion
Bruising or swelling of the brain that occurs when small cerebral blood vessels bleed into brain tissue
What glands are part of the endocrine system?
Pineal
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Thymus
Adrenals
Pancreas
Testes
Ovaries
What does thyroxine do?
Regulates metabolism and increases the basal metabolic rate. It supports the activities of growth hormones
What does calcitonin do?
Regulates calcium and phosphate levels in the blood.
What does mineralocorticoids regulate?
The electrolytes in the body
What does glucocorticoids regulate?
Protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism
What does gonadocorticoids regulate
Small amounts of male sex hormones are secreted and responsible for some of the secondary sexual characteristics in both males and females during puberty.
What causes diabetes insipidus
Hyposecretion of ADH. The hypothalamus does not produce enough and the pituitary gland does not release a sufficient amount of it.
What is the diagnostic procedure for diabetes insipidus
Physical exam and may order lab tests. Water deprivation test and imaging test can also be done
Is there any relation between diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus?
No
Diabetes mellitus Type 1: what is the onset, use of insulin, and treatment
Any age, diagnosed between childhood and young adult years
The pancreas produces very little or no insulin
Insulin injections, regular exercise, frequent blood glucose monitoring, and dietary changes
Diabetes mellitus Type II: what is the onset, use of insulin, and treatment
More common in older adults, with the raise of obesity, children and younger adults are also diagnosed
Insulin resistance occurs or the pancreas does not make enough insulin to meet the body’s needs leading to hyperglycemia.
Healthy eating, regular exercise, weight loss if obese, medications and glucose monitoring. Bariatric surgery if body mass index is 35 or greater
What are signs & symptoms of hypoglycemia
Irregular heart rhythm
Pale skin, sweating, shakiness, and fatigue
Irritability, hunger, and tingling sensation around the mouth
Crying out while sleeping
Visual disturbances and blurred vision
Clumsy movements and seizures
What are complications of diabetes mellitus
Cardiovascular disease
Blindness and eye conditions
Neuropathy
Poor healing of wounds
Kidney disease
Dementia
Depression
Periodontal disease
What are general senses
Touch, pressure, temperature, and pain
What are special senses
Vision, hearing, equilibrium, taste, and smell
Review wb pages in photo album for anatomy of the eye.
Questions 1-7
Wet mascular degeneration
New abnormally formed blood vessels form under the macula. These vessels leak blood and fluid causing vision loas
Dry mascular degeneration (the most common)
The blood vessels under the macula become thin and brittle.
Cataracts: what is the etiology, signs and symptoms, and treatments
With age, the proteins in the lens begin to break down causing cloudiness.
Sensitive to glare, foggy vision, difficulty seeing at night, double vision, loss of color intensity, and seeing halos around lights
Change in eyeglass prescription, increased lighting, magnifying lenses and sunglasses. Surgery is the only treatment for a cataract
What is conjunctivitis
Pink eye. Conjunctiva is swollen and inflamed
What is the cause of conjunctivitis
Bacterial or viral infections, allergies, an irritant ( smoke, dust) and dry eyes
Signs and symptoms of conjunctivitis
Blurred vision and sensitivity to light
Eye pain, itching, and a gritty feeling in the eye
Redness in the eye and increased tearing
What are the diagnostic procedures for conjunctivitis
Examine the eyes and may take a swab of any secretions for analysis
Treatment for conjunctivitis
Cool compresses and antihistamine eye drops may be used related to allergies. Antibiotics are used when its from bacteria. Viral infections will go away on its own
What are the types of refractive errors and the signs & symptoms of each
Astigmatism: difficulty seeing fine details, either close or from a far distance
Hyperopia: aching eyes, blurred near vision, eye strain and headache while reading
Myopia: blurred distant vision, squinting, eye strain and headache
Presbyopia: decreased focusing ability for near objects, eyestrain and headaches
Anatomy of the ear and what is the function of the eustachian tube
Malleus, incus, and stapes
Helps equalize the pressure in the middle ear with the outside environment, proper sound waves transfer. Opens in the middle of the ear to the throat. Can cause middle ear infection
What is vertigo, where is it caused in the ear, and what are the symptoms
Causes people to feel as if they are spinning or that everything around them is spinning.
Caused in the inner ear
Triggered by moving the head, lasts a few seconds
Loss of balance
Nausea and vomiting
Visual problems, such as items jumping or moving
Hearing loss
What are the three kinds of ear infections, the signs and symptoms of them and treatments
Otitis externa: inflammation of outer ear
Drainage from the ear, hearing loss, ear pain, itching of the ear or canal
Antibiotic, corticosteroid, and acetic acid ear drops and analgesics
Otitis media: middle ear infection
Ear pain, fullness in ear, nasal congestion, cough lethargic, vomiting , diarrhea, loss of appetite
Clear up without treatment. Antibiotics can be given. Can lead to a myringotomy and placement of ear tubes
Otitis interna: inflammation of inner ear
Dizziness, vertigo, nausea, vomiting, difficulty with balance and walking, hearing loss and ear pain
Antibiotics for bacterial infection, analgesic, steroids to reduce inflammation and medications to control nausea
What are the signs and symptoms of hearing loss and the treatments
May experience muffling of sounds and difficulty hearing words with background noise. Television and radio volumes may need to be increased. A person may withdraw from conversations and avoid some social gatherings
Most hearing loss cannot be reversed. Impacted cerumen, it will be removed. Some can be treated with surgery such as ossicle procedures and myringotomy. Hearing aids and cochlear implants are also used for hearing loss.
