Quiz Three Flashcards
O2
Oxygen
CO2
Carbon dioxide
AV
Atrioventricular
SL
Semilunar
ECG
Electrocardiogram
BP
Blood pressure
CABG
Coronary artery bypass grafting
CHF
Congestive heart failure
CAD
Coronary artery disease
DVT
Deep vein thrombosis
PE
Pulmonary embolism
MI
Myocardial infarction
HTN
Hypertension
POTS
Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome
ANS
Autonomic nervous system
What are the hearts chambers made up of?
Atrias and ventricles
What do the atrias do for the heart?
The right atrium receives blood from the body.
The left atrium receives blood from the lungs
What does the ventricles do for the heart?
They pump blood to the body and the lungs
Sinoatrial node (SA)
“pacemaker” of the heart, posterior superior wall of the right atrium. Generates impulses that start the heart beat.
Atrioventricular node (AV)
At the base of the interatrial septum. Once the impulse hits the AV node it moves very slowly through it.
Bundle of his (atrioventricular bundle)
Located in the upper interventricular septum. When the impulse leaves the AV node it moves to the bundle of his.
Right and left bundle branches
Located in the lower interventricular septum. The right and left bundle branches bring the impulse to the right ventricle. The left bundle branch brings the impulse to the left ventricle.
Purkinje fibers
Transmit the impulse quickly and efficiently to the ventricular myocardial cells. This causes the ventricular chambers to contract.
Systole (contractive phase)
When the heart is contracting and pumping out the blood
Diastole (relaxation phase)
When the heart is resting between contractions
What is a septum
Thick muscular wall that divides the heart into right and left sections
What is an interatrial septum
Separates the right and left atria
What is an interventricular septum
Divides the right and left ventricle
The heart wall is composed of what three layers?
Endocardium: inner thin endothelial layer that lines the chambers and valves
Myocardium; middle and thickest layer of the heart, composed of cardiac muscles
Epicardium (visceral); the outer layer that covers the heart
Parietal pericardium
Covering that loosely covers the heart like a sac
What are examples of imaging procedures
Angiocardiography
Cardiac catheterization
Digital subtraction angiography
Doppler ultrasound
Color doppler
Echocardiography
Magnetic resonance imaging
Multiple-gated acquisition scan
Myocardial perfusion imaging
Phlebography
Positron emission tomography
What are other tests completed for cardiovascular disorders
Electrocardiography (ECG, EKG)
Exercise stress test (EST)
Holter monitor
Swan-Ganz catheter
What is congestive heart failure, the etiology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic procedures, and treatments
**heart failure, occurs when the heart does not efficiently pump blood. Blood backs up behind the failing pump.
Etiology:
CAD and high blood pressure are the most common causes. Congenital problems, heart attack, faulty valves, arrhythmias, infections and other diseases.
Signs & symptoms:
cough and shortness of breath with reclining or activity
Fatigue, faintness, weakness, and loss of appetite
Fast or irregular pulse and palpitations
Pitting edema in the feet and legs
Swollen liver and abdomen, weight gain
Diagnostic procedures:
During the physical exam, the provider will listen for abnormal heart and lung sounds and check for edema. Echocardiography, imaging tests, and blood tests may be ordered
Treatments:
Monitoring weight
Limiting dietary cholesterol
Salts
Fluids
Medications
Surgery
Pacemaker
Implantable defibrillator
Heart transplantation
What is systolic heart failure
When the heart muscle cannot pump the blood out of the heart
What is diastolic heart failure
When the chamber muscle is stiff and does not completely fill up with blood.
Right sided heart failure
Fluid may back up into the body causing swelling in the legs feet and abdomen
Left sided heart failure
Fluid may back up into the lungs, causing shortness of breath and abnormal lung sounds
Cor pulmonale
Right sided heart failure caused by high blood pressure in the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries
What are symptoms and immediate treatments of myocardial infarction
Symptoms:
Chest pain severe heaviness squeezing pressure or heartburn constant or intermittent pain
Upper body discomfort or pain in one or both arms shoulders neck jaw or upper part of the abdomen
Shortness of breath with activity or rest
Cold sweat tiredness without a reason nausea and vomiting dizziness light-headedness arrhythmias or palpitations
Females may have sharp burning chest pain or back pain 2/3 have no symptoms
Immediate treatments:
Chewing Aspirin to prevent additional clots
Nitroglycerin to dilate the coronary arteries and help increase the oxygen to the heart muscle
Oxygen therapy
