quiz questions exam 4 Flashcards
the cranial root of the eleventh cranial nerve is annexed by which nerve?
the vagus nerve
what will branchial efferent fibers from the cranial root of CN XI innervate?
intrinsic skeletal muscle of the larynx
what locatoin gives rise to the spinal root of the eleventh cranial nerve?
spinal nucleus formed from the ventral horn spinal cord levels C1-C5
what is unique about the eleventh cranial nerve?
it is the only cranial nerve to originate, in part, from the spinal cord and it is the only cranilal nerve to be associated with the foramen magnum
what will branchial efferent fibers in the spinal root of cranial nerve XI innervate?
sternoclediomastoideus and trapezius muscle
branches of the twelfth cranial nerve provide somatic efferent innervation to which extrinsic muscles fo the tongue?
genioclossus
styloglossus
hyoglossus
recurrent meningeal branches from the twelfth cranial nerve will arise from what area of the cranial vault?
dura mater of the posterior cranial fossa
peripheral processes from the sensory receptors in the dura mater of the posterior cranial fossa will be conveyed from the twelfth cranial nerve to what nerve?
the ventral ramus of the first cervical nerve
peripheral processes associated with the twelfth cranial nerve arise from pseudounipolar afferent neurons at what location?
the dorsal root ganglion of C1
central processes from pseudounipolar afferent neurons associated with the twelfth cranial nerve synapse at what location?
dorsal horn oc C1
what is the morphological classification of afferent neurons in the dorsal nerve root ganglion?
pseudounipolar neuron
what is the morphological classification of motor neurons?
multipolar neuron
what are the primary neuronal projections observed in a nerve?
peripheral sensory processes and motor nerve fibers?
what part of an afferent neuron is conveyed in the dorsal nerve root?
central sensory process
what are the subdivisions of the visceral division of the peripheral nerve system?
sympathetic
parasympathetic
enteric
what is the function of the enteric nerve system?
control of motility
exocrine & endocrine secretions
microcirculation and regulation of immune and inflammatory processes of the GI tract
what are locations for neurons fo the enteric nerve system?
the myenteric plexus of Auerbach and the submucosal plexus of meissner
what is the presumed role of the interstitial cell of Cajal?
they act as pacemakers for the slow wave, continuous peristaltic activity of the gut
what function is primarily emphasized for the myenteric plexus of Auerbach?
peristaltic activity along the GI tract
what function is primarily emphasized for the submucosal plexus of Meissner?
influence on the process of secretion/absorption of the gut
other than ganglia or plexuses, in what additional location will neural crest cells associated with sympathetic division can be located?
adrenal medulla
how many paravertebral ganglia are present in the adult?
21 pairs / 42 paravertebral ganglia
the superior cervical ganglion is the result of fusion of which paravertebral ganglia?
C1-C4 paravertebral ganglia
the stellate ganglion is the result of fusion of which paravertebral ganglia?
C7, C8, T1 paravertebral ganglia
which paravertebral ganglia fuse to form the ganglion impar?
both sacrococcygeal ganglia fuse in the midline, S5 and Co1 paravertebral ganglia on both sides fuse in the midline
what are the names fo th emost consistent prevertebral ganglia?
celiac
superior mesenteric
inferior mesenteric plexuses
which of the prevertebral nerve plexuses are more likely to contain secondary sympathetic neuron cell bodies?
cardiac
pulmonary
celiac
inferior hypogastric (pelvic) plexuses
based on the target cell innervated, what ar eth elcassifiactions given to postganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers?
vasomotor
pilomotor
sudomotor
secretomotor fibers
which paravertebral ganglia give rise to pelvic splanchnic nerves?
none, these are parasympathetic efferent nerves
what rami will communicate with the apravertebral ganglia?
white rami communicans
gray rami communicans
interganglionic rami communicans
also splanchnic nerves
what is the termination of the horizontal sympathetic neuronal pathway?
smooth muscle or glandular tissue in the parietawall of the thorax and upper abdomen;
territory roughly corresponding to the T1-T12, L1-L2 dermatomes
what is the termination fo the ascending sympathetic neuronal pathway?
smooth muscle or glandular tissue in the head, neck, and upper extremity
in the descending pathway, what is the location of synapse of the preganglionic sympathetic efferent fiber?
in a aparavertebral ganglion lower than the paravertebral ganglion of origin
in the splanchnic pathway, what is the location of synapse of the preganglionic sympathetic efferent fiber?
in a prevertebral ganglion or prevertebral plexus
where will preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers synapse in the pathway to the vertebral artery?
inferior cervical ganglion
postganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers will become incorporated in what neuronal structure in the pathway to the eye?
internal carotid artery nerve plexus
where will preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers synapse in the pathway to the thead?
superior cervical ganglion
where will preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers synapse in the adrenal gland pathway?
chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla
which splanchnic nerves contain preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers?
nervi erigentes or pelvic splanchnic nerves
where will preganglionic sympathetic efferent fibers synapse in the pathway to the heart?
1) paravertebral ganglia of origin from T1-T4, T5
2) any cervical paravertebral ganglion
3) the cardiac plexus
what is the name of the largest medullary feeder artery?
the aretery of adamkiewicz or the arteria radicalis magna anterior
what are the characteristics of the Artery of Adamkiewicz?
it is a left side, anterior medullary feeder artery, located in the T9/T10 intervertebral oramen, and the primary vascular supply to the lumbar enlargement
what iwll the intervertebral veins drain into?
the external vertebral venous plexus or Batson’s plexus
what is a unique histological feature of the veins of the vertebral column
they lack valves
what is the relationship between aging and cervical spine nerve root characteristics?
the length of the nerve root increases as it descends from its apparent origin on the psinal cord, but the cross-sectional area of the nerve root decreases
what are the specific attachment sites for a cervical spinal nerve?
the sulcus for the ventral primary ramus on the costotransverse bar and the vertebral artery
what forms the lumbosacral tunnel?
- the lumbosacral ligament
- transverse process of L5
- sacral ala
what condition is the result of encroachment of the L5 spinal nerve?
the far out syndrome
what are some examples of destructive lesions of the vertebral body?
tuberculosis
hemangiomas
osteoporosis
what are examples of acquired alterations of the spinal curves identified in class?
obesity
pregnancy
use of backpacks
what is unusual about the cervical annulus fibrosus?
it lacks any lamellar or layered organization
what is the organization of collagen fibers between lamellae?
collagen fibers will be angled in the opposite direction such that a spiral/counterspiral organization is observed
what is the earliest indicator of intervertebral disc pathology or degeneration?
qchanges in the histology of the cartilage end plate
what are the sources of innervation of the intervertebral disc?
1) the sinu-vertebral nerve (sinus vertebral + recurrent meningeal)
2) fibers from hte ventral primary ramus
3) fibers from the white ramus communicans
4) fibers from the paradiscal ramus communicans
5) fibers from the gray ramus communicans
what is the name given to the white ramus communicans which becomes embedded within the annulus fibrosuhe intervertebral disc?
the paradiscal ramus communicans
what does the intrasclerotomal fissure or fissure of von Ebner become?
the perichordal disc
what is the earliest indicator of the position of the adult intervertebral disc?
the intrasclerotomal fissure aka fissure of von Ebner
what is ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament in the lumbar region now identified as?
D.I.S.H. (D) - Diffuse (I) - Idiopathic (S) - Skeletal (H) - Hyperostosis
what is the clinical sign of posterior longitudinal ligament ossification in the cervical spine?
a loss of hand and finger dexterity
what is the name given to the ligamentum flavum based on appearance and histology?
it is a yellow elastic ligament
what is the name given to the superficial layer of the ligamentum nuchae?
the funicular layer or part
what forms the ventral slip of the intertransverse ligament in the lumbar spine?
a membranous partition from the vertebral body covers the intervertebral foramen and extends back to the transverse process to form a ventral slip. It is penetrated by the contents of the intervertebral foramen
What is the ADI?
the atlanto-dental interspace, a radiographic distance between the surfaces of the anterior bursa of the median atlanto-axial joint
what is the ADI of children?
about 4.5 mm
what is the attachment sites for the accessory ligamentof the lateral atlanto-axial joint?
the base fo the odontoid process and vertebral body of axis to the tubercle for the transverse atlantal ligament of atlas
what are the degrees of one side axial rotation facilitated at the atlanto-axial joint?
about 40 degrees one side axial rotation
the occiput of C1-C2 joint complex accounts for what percent of all cervical axial rotation?
about 60%
what is the embryonic derviative of the apical ligament of the dens or the apicodental; ligament?
the notochord
what are attachment sites for the anterior atlanto-dental ligament?
the alar ligament and ipsilateral lateral mass of C1
what are the attachment sites for the superficial layer of the membrana tectoria or tectorial membrane?
the posterior part of the inferior epiphyseal rim and vertebral body of C2 to the capsular ligamgent fo the atlanto-occipital joint and cranial dura of the posterior cranial fossa
which vertebral couples of the thoracic spine have the greatest motion?
T11/T12 and T12/L1
which of the current ligaments formt the iliolumbar ligament complex represents the il8iolumbar ligament of classical description?
the superior iliolumbar ligament
which vertebral couple of the lumbar spine has the greatest range of motion?
L5/S1
list in order from cranila to caudal the ligaments forming the anterior boundary of the spinal canal?
membrana tectoria
posterior longitudinal ligament
deep doorsal sacrococcygeal ligament
what is the auricular surface of the ilium composed of?
articular cartilage
interspersed with fibrocartilage
what does ankylosis mean?
a condition of fibrous adhesion occurs within the joint
what passes between the layers of the interosseous sacro-iliac ligament?
dorsal rami from the sacral spinal nerves
which of the sternocostal or sternochondral ligaments is unique to the second sternocostal or sternochondral joint?
the intra-articular ligament
what is thte classification of the sixth through the ninth interchondral joints?
diarthrosis arthrodia
what points on the skull are used to measure the skull size?
nasion
vertex
inion
gnathion
what is unique about the ophthalmic artery and veins?
unlike other artery-vein comibinations, they will not share the same opening.
The ophthalmic artery is in the optic canal, ophthalmic veins are in the superior orbital fissure
what are the contents of the foramen spinosum?
the nervus spinosus from the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve and the middle meningeal arter
what forms the roof of the posterior cranial fossa?
tentorium cerebelli
what can the five layers of the scalp spell?
S C A L P
S - Skin C - Connective Tissue A - Aponeurosis L - Loose Connective Tissue P - Periosteum
what are the major constituents of the five layers of the scalp?
skin neurobvascular muscular loose connective tissue periostem
which muscles lack any attachment to bone?
orbicularis oris
procerus
risorius
what is the name given to the medial wall of the orbit?
lamina papyracea
identify the opening(s) found along each wall of the orbit
- superior wall: optic canal
- medial wall: anterior ethmoid and posterior ethmoid foramina
- lateral wall: superior orbital fissure
- inferior wall: inferior orbital fissure
what are the names given to the modified sebaceous glands of the palpebra?
tarsal gland or Meibomian gland and ciliary gland
what are the parts of the uveal tract of the eyeball?
iris
ciliary body
choroid
pupil
