quiz questions exam 3 Flashcards
what are the unique properties of neurons?
1) Depolarization
2) propagation
3) transmission of neural impulse
what are the three types of neuroactive substances based on the manner of action?
1) Neurotransmitters
2) neuromodulators
3) neurohormones
based on manner of action, define neurotransmitter.
A neuroactive substance acting rapidly and locally on a target cell
what is the name given to the major cellular mass of a neuron?
The cell body, soma or perikaryon
what are the basic morphologies of neurons?
Unipolar
bipolar
pseudounipolar
multipolar
what are the possible locations of bipolar neurons?
1) nasal olfactory epithelium
2) retina
3) vestibular or Scarpa’s ganglion
4) cochlear or spiral ganglion
what are the possible lacations of pseudounipolar neurons?
Any sensory ganglion other than those of the eigth cranial nerve
where is the primary sensory neuron of a typical sensory pathway located?
In a sensory ganglion
what is the morphology of most motor or efferent neurons associated with the peripheral nerve system?
Multipolar
what are the three classifications of sensory receptor endings?
1) Functional specificity
2) distribution-function
3) structure or morphology
What do chemoreceptors do?
Hypoxia or decreased oxygen levels, hypercapnia or increased carbon dioxide levels and elevated hydrogen ions, an indication of circulating blood pH
What are the types and examples of exteroceptors?
1) general or cutaneous sense organs such as free nerve endings, encapsulated endings and epidermal endings
2) special sense receptors for olfaction, vision, hearing, and taste
what are the examples of proprioceptors?
1) Golgi tendon organs
2) neuromuscular spindles
3) pacinian corpuscles
4) inner ear receptors for equilibrium
5) specialized receptors in joints
where will the interoceptors be located?
1) viscera
2) glands
3) blood vessels
which type of encapsulated nerve ending is sensitive to vibration?
Lamellated corpuscles or pacinian corpuscles
what are the primary neuronal projections observed in a nerve?
Peripheral sensory processes and motor nerve fibers
muscles derived from somites are innervated by which cranial nerves?
Cranial nerve III or oculomotor nerve,
cranial nerve IV or trochlear nerve, cranial nerve VI or abducens nerve
cranial nerve XII or hypoglossal nerve
Muscles derived from the branchial or pharyngeal arches are innervated by which cranial nerves?
Cranial nerve V or trigeminal nerve
cranial nerve VII or facial nerve
cranial nerve IX or glosssopharyngeal nerve
cranial nerve X or vagus nerve
cranial nerve XI or spinal accessory nerve
What peripheral nerves contain visceral efferent pathways at their origin?
Cranial nerve III or occulomotor nerve cranial nerve VII or facial nerve cranial nerve IX or glossopharyngeal nerve cranial nerve X or vagus nerve spinal nerves T1-T12, L1, L2 and S2-S4
What is the location for the secondary sympathetic efferent neuron cell body
A prevertebral ganglion or paravertebral ganglion
What are the ultimate target cells of the visceral efferent pathways?
Smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
glandular tissue
specialized cell types
Primary parasympathetic efferent neurons will be associated with which cranial nerves?
Cranial nerve III or oculomotor nerve
cranial nerve VII or facial nerve
cranial nerve IX or glossopharyngeal nerve
cranial nerve X or vagus nerve
What is the name given to and neuroactive substance associated with postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers
Cholinergic fibers; acetylcholine
What types of efferent neurons form nuclei of origin in the brain?
Somatic neurons
branchial neurons
primary parasympathetic neurons
Will sympathetic efferent neurons be located in the brain?
no
What are the four classifications of afferent neurons?
Somatic afferent
visceral afferent
special visceral afferent
special sensory
What do somatic afferents monitor?
Pain
temperature
light touch
proprioception
What do visceral afferents monitor?
Baroreception
chemoreception
sensation from viscera
What do special visceral afferents monitor?
Olfaction and taste
What do special sensory afferents monitor?
Vision
hearing
equilibrium
what is unusual about the receptor ending of th eprimary olfactory neuron?
it is an olffactory knob covered with olfactory cilia
what forms the true olfactory nerve?
fila olfactoria
what is the location for the synapse between primary and secondary afferent neurons of the first cranial nerve?
olfactory glomerulus
what is teh name of the traditional secondary afferent neuron of the first cranial nerve?
mitral cell
what is the functoin of the rod cell?
provide vision in dim light conditions
what is the function of the cone cell?
provide vision in bright light conditions and mediate color vision
what is the most numerous photoreceptor cell?
rod cell
what foms the optic nerve?
axons of ganglion cells
waht occurs at the optic chaisma?
part of the optic nerve decussates
axons carried in the second cranial nerve will synapse in what specific location?
lateral geniculate body
at its apparent orgin, cranial nerve III conveys which classifications of neural pathways?
1) somatic efferent pathway
2) visceral efferent pathway
what is the somatic efferent nucleus of origin for the third cranial nerve?
oculomotor nuclear complex
what is/are the target organs for the somatic efferent fibers carreid in the third cranial nerve?
1) medial rectus
2) inferior rectus
3) superior rectus
4) inferior oblique extrinsic muscles of the eyeball
5) levator palpebrae superioris muscle of the eyelid
visceral efferent fibers conveyed in the third cranial nerve originate from which nucleus?
accessory oculomotor nucleus of Edinger/Westphal
what is the location of synapse ofr preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the third cranial nerve?
ciliary ganglion
postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the third cranial nerve are carried in which nerve?
short ciliary nerve
postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the third cranial nerve synapse in what targets?
sphincter pupillae and ciliaris intrinsic eye muscles
what are the two unique features of the fourth cranial nerve?
it is the only cranial nerve with an apparent origin from the dorsal surface of the brain
it is the only cranial efferent nerve to decussate within the midline from its nucleus
the right fourth cranial nerve will innervate which side target muscle
the right side muscle
somatic efferent fibers from the fourth cranial nerve will innervate whcih muscles?
1) superior oblique
2) extrinsic muscles of the eye
the fifth cranial nerve is functionally referred to as the ___?
greate sensory nerve of the face
what is the exit site from the cranial vault for each division of the fifth cranial nerve?
ophthalmic nerve - superior orbital fissure
maxillary nerve - foramen rotundum
mandibular nerve - foramen ovale
peripheral sensory processes of the fifth cranial nerve are primarily derived from pseudounipolar afferent neuron cell bodies located in which ganglion?
semilunar ganglion
trigeminal ganglion
gasserian ganglion
central sensory processes carried in the fifth cranial nerve synapse with secondary sensory neuron cell bodies in what location?
mainly in the pincipal sensory nucleus; some in the spinal trigeminal nucleus
what muscles are innervated by branchial efferent fibers conveyed in the fifth cranial nerve?
1) temporalis
2) masseter
3) medial pterygoid
4) lateral pterygoid
5) mylohyoid
6) anterior belly of the digastric
7) tensor tympani
8) tensor veli palatini
waht are the names of hte muslces of mastication?
temporalis
masseter
medial pterygoid
lateral pterygoid
the fifth cranial nerve carries peripheral sensory processes from the endings located in the muscles of mastication and the extraocular muscles to pseudounipolar cells located in which nucleus?
mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve
what location will each branch of the fifth cranial nerve pass into upon exit from the cranial vault?
ophthalmic nerve - orbit
maxillary nerve - pterygopalatine region
mandibular nerve - infratemporal region
the sixth cranial nerve will innervate what target organ(s)?
lateral rectus extrinsic muscle of each eye
peripheral sensory processes conveyed in the sixth cranial nerve will commuate with which cranial nerve branch?
ophthalmic division of trigeminal
because of its function, the seventh cranial nerve is often called the….
great motor nerve of the face
what classifications of fibers are conveyed at the apparent origin of the seventh cranial nerve?
branchial efferent
visceral efferent
somatic afferent
special sensory afferent
what is the name of the afferent ganglion for the seventh cranial nerve?
geniculate ganglion, genicular ganglion
most of the seventh cranial enrve will exit hte skull via what opening?
the stylomastoid foramen
branchial efferent fibers carried in the seventh cranial nerve will innervate what muscles?
muscles of the facial expression muscles of the scalp and auricle buccinator platysma stapedius stylohyoid posterior belly of the digastric
Visceral efferent fibers conveyed in the seventh cranial nerve originate from which nucleus?
superior salivatory nucleus
which intermediate branch of the seventh cranial nerve will convey preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers to the lacrimal gland?
greater pretrosal or greater superficial petrosal nerve
which branch of the seventh cranial nerve of the pterygoid canal?
vidian nerve or nerve of the pterygoid canal
what are the names of hte galglion of synapse in the efferent pathway to the lacrimal gland?
pterygopalatine ganglion
sphenopalatine ganglion
Meckel’s ganglion
postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers from the pterygopalatine, sphenopalatine or Meckel’s ganglion will become incorporated in which cranial nerve branch?
maxillary nerve of the trigeminal
the parasympathetic pathway to the lacrimal gland will involve branches from which cranial nerves?
facial and trigeminal nerves
the zygomaticotemporal nerve will convey postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers to the lacrimal gland through a communication with which branch of the fifth cranial nerve?
ophthalmic
preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers from the seventh cranial nerve to the submandibular and sublingual glands will exit the pons in what nerve?
nervous intermediate, nerve of wrisberg, sensory root of facial nerve
which immediate branch of the seventh cranial nerve will convey preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers to the submandibular and sublingual glands?
chorda tympani nerve
the chorda tympani nerve exits the temporal bone via which opening?
the petrotympanic fissure of the temporal bone
the chorda tympani nerve will join which nerve?
the lingual nerve of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
peripheral sensory processes from the receptors around the ear and mastoid region are conveyed to the seventh cranial nerve from what other cranial nerve?
vagus
in general, somatic afferent pathways typically terminate on which nucleus?
the spinal trigeminal nucleus
what is the classification of sensory fibers associated with taste?
special visceral afferent fibers
peripheral sensory processes from taste receptors in the anterior two thirds of the tongue are conveyed in the seventh cranial nerve to what ganglion?
genicular ganglion or geniculate ganglion
what fluid is present within the membranous labyrinth?
endolymph
what is the name given to spiral appearance of the organ for hearing?
cochlea
how is sound or position converted into a neural impulse?
endolymph is displaced and alters the membrane of a specialized receptor cell
in what elevations of each part of the vestibular apparatus will receptor cells be identified?
the macula of the saccule, the macula of the utricle and the crista ampullaris of the ampullae of the semicircular ducts
what is unique to the receptor cells associated with equilibrium?
stereocilia and a single kinocilium
what is the location of the primary afferent neuron associated with equilibrium?
Scarpa’s ganglion or the vestibular ganglion
receptor cells associated with hearing are located in what structure?
the organ of Corti in the cochlear duct or scala media
what is the unique feature of receptor cells associated with hearing?
stereocilia
what is the location of the primary afferent neuron associated with hearing?
the spiral ganglion or cochlear ganglion
central sensory processes of primary afferent neurons associated with equilibrium will terminate on secondary afferent neurons in what location?
the vestibular nuclear complex
branchial efferent fibers conveyed in the ninth cranial nerve will inervate what target?
stylopharyngeus muscle
what is/are the target organs(s) monitoring blood pressure or blood physiology which are supplied by the ninth cranial nerve?
carotid body or carotid glomus and the carotid sinus
ninth cranal nerve psedounipolar neuron cell bodies monitoring general visceral sensation are located in which ganglion?
inferior glossopharyngeal ganglion or petrosal ganglion
preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers are observed in what primary branch of the ninth cranial nerve?
tympanic nerve or nerve of jacobson
within the temporal bone, pregaglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the ninth cranial nerve will ultimately form what nerve?
the lesser (superficial) petrosal nerve
preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers will be found in what branch(es) of the ninth cranial nerve?
the tympanic nerve and lesser (superficial) petrosal nerve
preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers from the ninth cranial nerve will synapse in which ganglion?
otic ganglion or Arnold’s ganglion
postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers from the otic or Arnold’s ganglion will comunicate with what other cranial nerve branch?
the auriculotemporal branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal
peripheral afferent processes associated with receptors in the mastoid air cells, in the tympanic cavity or in the auditory tube arise from pseudounipolar neurons located in what ganglion of the ninth cranial nerve?
the superior glossopharyngeal ganglion or jugular ganglion
central sensory processes from the ninth cranial nerve pseudounipolar neuron cell bodies monitoring general visceral sensation will synpase in what location of the brain?
cardiorespiratory nucleus of the nucleus solitarius
ninth cranial nerve pseudounipolar sensory neuron cell bodies monitoring taste located in which ganglion?
inferior glossopharyngeal ganglion or petrosal ganglion
branchial efferent fibers conveyed in the tenth cranial nerve will innervate what target organs?
muscles of the soft palate
constrictor muscles of the pharynx
cricothyroid muscle
palatoglossal muscle
where will preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the tenth cranial nerve synapse?
intramural ganglia of the target organs and the cardiac plexus
what is the location of primary afferent neurons of the tenth cranial nerve whose peripheral processes are associated with general somatic sensation from the posterior cranial dura?
jugular ganglion or superior vagal ganglion
where will central processes of pseudounipolar afferent neurons of the tenth cranial nerve associated with somatic sensation synapse?
the spinal trigeminal nucleus
peripheral processes of pseudounipolar neurons assocaited with general visceral sensation are carried in the tenth to what location?
the nodose ganglion or inferior vagal ganglion
central processes of pseudounipolar neurons associated with general visceral sensation are carried in the tenth cranial nerve to synapse at what location?
the cardiorespiratory nucleus of the nucleus solitarius
what are the target organs monitoring blood pressure or blood physiology supplied by the tenth cranial nerve?
- aortic body or aortic glomus
- aortic arch
what isis specically monitored by each type of vascular visceral receptor associated with the tenth cranial nerve?
baroreceptors monitor blood pressure
chemoreceptors monitor hypoxia, hypercapnia (C02) levels, and increasing hydrogen ions (blood pH)
where are pseudounipolar primary afferent neurons associated with taste sensation from the eipiglottis located?
the nodose ganglion or inferior vagal ganglion
