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spinal anatomy 2 > quiz questions exam 3 > Flashcards

quiz questions exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the unique properties of neurons?

A

1) Depolarization
2) propagation
3) transmission of neural impulse

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2
Q

what are the three types of neuroactive substances based on the manner of action?

A

1) Neurotransmitters
2) neuromodulators
3) neurohormones

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3
Q

based on manner of action, define neurotransmitter.

A

A neuroactive substance acting rapidly and locally on a target cell

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4
Q

what is the name given to the major cellular mass of a neuron?

A

The cell body, soma or perikaryon

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5
Q

what are the basic morphologies of neurons?

A

Unipolar
bipolar
pseudounipolar
multipolar

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6
Q

what are the possible locations of bipolar neurons?

A

1) nasal olfactory epithelium
2) retina
3) vestibular or Scarpa’s ganglion
4) cochlear or spiral ganglion

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7
Q

what are the possible lacations of pseudounipolar neurons?

A

Any sensory ganglion other than those of the eigth cranial nerve

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8
Q

where is the primary sensory neuron of a typical sensory pathway located?

A

In a sensory ganglion

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9
Q

what is the morphology of most motor or efferent neurons associated with the peripheral nerve system?

A

Multipolar

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10
Q

what are the three classifications of sensory receptor endings?

A

1) Functional specificity
2) distribution-function
3) structure or morphology

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11
Q

What do chemoreceptors do?

A

Hypoxia or decreased oxygen levels, hypercapnia or increased carbon dioxide levels and elevated hydrogen ions, an indication of circulating blood pH

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12
Q

What are the types and examples of exteroceptors?

A

1) general or cutaneous sense organs such as free nerve endings, encapsulated endings and epidermal endings
2) special sense receptors for olfaction, vision, hearing, and taste

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13
Q

what are the examples of proprioceptors?

A

1) Golgi tendon organs
2) neuromuscular spindles
3) pacinian corpuscles
4) inner ear receptors for equilibrium
5) specialized receptors in joints

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14
Q

where will the interoceptors be located?

A

1) viscera
2) glands
3) blood vessels

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15
Q

which type of encapsulated nerve ending is sensitive to vibration?

A

Lamellated corpuscles or pacinian corpuscles

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16
Q

what are the primary neuronal projections observed in a nerve?

A

Peripheral sensory processes and motor nerve fibers

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17
Q

muscles derived from somites are innervated by which cranial nerves?

A

Cranial nerve III or oculomotor nerve,
cranial nerve IV or trochlear nerve, cranial nerve VI or abducens nerve
cranial nerve XII or hypoglossal nerve

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18
Q

Muscles derived from the branchial or pharyngeal arches are innervated by which cranial nerves?

A

Cranial nerve V or trigeminal nerve
cranial nerve VII or facial nerve
cranial nerve IX or glosssopharyngeal nerve
cranial nerve X or vagus nerve
cranial nerve XI or spinal accessory nerve

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19
Q

What peripheral nerves contain visceral efferent pathways at their origin?

A 
Cranial nerve III or occulomotor nerve
cranial nerve VII or facial nerve
cranial nerve IX or glossopharyngeal nerve
cranial nerve X or vagus nerve 
spinal nerves T1-T12, L1, L2 and S2-S4
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20
Q

What is the location for the secondary sympathetic efferent neuron cell body

A

A prevertebral ganglion or paravertebral ganglion

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21
Q

What are the ultimate target cells of the visceral efferent pathways?

A

Smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
glandular tissue
specialized cell types

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22
Q

Primary parasympathetic efferent neurons will be associated with which cranial nerves?

A

Cranial nerve III or oculomotor nerve
cranial nerve VII or facial nerve
cranial nerve IX or glossopharyngeal nerve
cranial nerve X or vagus nerve

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23
Q

What is the name given to and neuroactive substance associated with postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers

A

Cholinergic fibers; acetylcholine

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24
Q

What types of efferent neurons form nuclei of origin in the brain?

A

Somatic neurons
branchial neurons
primary parasympathetic neurons

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25
Q

Will sympathetic efferent neurons be located in the brain?

A

no

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26
Q

What are the four classifications of afferent neurons?

A

Somatic afferent
visceral afferent
special visceral afferent
special sensory

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27
Q

What do somatic afferents monitor?

A

Pain
temperature
light touch
proprioception

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28
Q

What do visceral afferents monitor?

A

Baroreception
chemoreception
sensation from viscera

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29
Q

What do special visceral afferents monitor?

A

Olfaction and taste

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30
Q

What do special sensory afferents monitor?

A

Vision
hearing
equilibrium

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31
Q

what is unusual about the receptor ending of th eprimary olfactory neuron?

A

it is an olffactory knob covered with olfactory cilia

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32
Q

what forms the true olfactory nerve?

A

fila olfactoria

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33
Q

what is the location for the synapse between primary and secondary afferent neurons of the first cranial nerve?

A

olfactory glomerulus

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34
Q

what is teh name of the traditional secondary afferent neuron of the first cranial nerve?

A

mitral cell

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35
Q

what is the functoin of the rod cell?

A

provide vision in dim light conditions

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36
Q

what is the function of the cone cell?

A

provide vision in bright light conditions and mediate color vision

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37
Q

what is the most numerous photoreceptor cell?

A

rod cell

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38
Q

what foms the optic nerve?

A

axons of ganglion cells

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39
Q

waht occurs at the optic chaisma?

A

part of the optic nerve decussates

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40
Q

axons carried in the second cranial nerve will synapse in what specific location?

A

lateral geniculate body

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41
Q

at its apparent orgin, cranial nerve III conveys which classifications of neural pathways?

A

1) somatic efferent pathway

2) visceral efferent pathway

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42
Q

what is the somatic efferent nucleus of origin for the third cranial nerve?

A

oculomotor nuclear complex

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43
Q

what is/are the target organs for the somatic efferent fibers carreid in the third cranial nerve?

A

1) medial rectus
2) inferior rectus
3) superior rectus
4) inferior oblique extrinsic muscles of the eyeball
5) levator palpebrae superioris muscle of the eyelid

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44
Q

visceral efferent fibers conveyed in the third cranial nerve originate from which nucleus?

A

accessory oculomotor nucleus of Edinger/Westphal

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45
Q

what is the location of synapse ofr preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the third cranial nerve?

A

ciliary ganglion

46
Q

postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the third cranial nerve are carried in which nerve?

A

short ciliary nerve

47
Q

postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the third cranial nerve synapse in what targets?

A

sphincter pupillae and ciliaris intrinsic eye muscles

48
Q

what are the two unique features of the fourth cranial nerve?

A

it is the only cranial nerve with an apparent origin from the dorsal surface of the brain

it is the only cranial efferent nerve to decussate within the midline from its nucleus

49
Q

the right fourth cranial nerve will innervate which side target muscle

A

the right side muscle

50
Q

somatic efferent fibers from the fourth cranial nerve will innervate whcih muscles?

A

1) superior oblique

2) extrinsic muscles of the eye

51
Q

the fifth cranial nerve is functionally referred to as the ___?

A

greate sensory nerve of the face

52
Q

what is the exit site from the cranial vault for each division of the fifth cranial nerve?

A

ophthalmic nerve - superior orbital fissure
maxillary nerve - foramen rotundum
mandibular nerve - foramen ovale

53
Q

peripheral sensory processes of the fifth cranial nerve are primarily derived from pseudounipolar afferent neuron cell bodies located in which ganglion?

A

semilunar ganglion
trigeminal ganglion
gasserian ganglion

54
Q

central sensory processes carried in the fifth cranial nerve synapse with secondary sensory neuron cell bodies in what location?

A

mainly in the pincipal sensory nucleus; some in the spinal trigeminal nucleus

55
Q

what muscles are innervated by branchial efferent fibers conveyed in the fifth cranial nerve?

A

1) temporalis
2) masseter
3) medial pterygoid
4) lateral pterygoid
5) mylohyoid
6) anterior belly of the digastric
7) tensor tympani
8) tensor veli palatini

56
Q

waht are the names of hte muslces of mastication?

A

temporalis
masseter
medial pterygoid
lateral pterygoid

57
Q

the fifth cranial nerve carries peripheral sensory processes from the endings located in the muscles of mastication and the extraocular muscles to pseudounipolar cells located in which nucleus?

A

mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve

58
Q

what location will each branch of the fifth cranial nerve pass into upon exit from the cranial vault?

A

ophthalmic nerve - orbit
maxillary nerve - pterygopalatine region
mandibular nerve - infratemporal region

59
Q

the sixth cranial nerve will innervate what target organ(s)?

A

lateral rectus extrinsic muscle of each eye

60
Q

peripheral sensory processes conveyed in the sixth cranial nerve will commuate with which cranial nerve branch?

A

ophthalmic division of trigeminal

61
Q

because of its function, the seventh cranial nerve is often called the….

A

great motor nerve of the face

62
Q

what classifications of fibers are conveyed at the apparent origin of the seventh cranial nerve?

A

branchial efferent
visceral efferent
somatic afferent
special sensory afferent

63
Q

what is the name of the afferent ganglion for the seventh cranial nerve?

A

geniculate ganglion, genicular ganglion

64
Q

most of the seventh cranial enrve will exit hte skull via what opening?

A

the stylomastoid foramen

65
Q

branchial efferent fibers carried in the seventh cranial nerve will innervate what muscles?

A 
muscles of the facial expression
muscles of the scalp and auricle
buccinator
platysma
stapedius
stylohyoid
posterior belly of the digastric
66
Q

Visceral efferent fibers conveyed in the seventh cranial nerve originate from which nucleus?

A

superior salivatory nucleus

67
Q

which intermediate branch of the seventh cranial nerve will convey preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers to the lacrimal gland?

A

greater pretrosal or greater superficial petrosal nerve

68
Q

which branch of the seventh cranial nerve of the pterygoid canal?

A

vidian nerve or nerve of the pterygoid canal

69
Q

what are the names of hte galglion of synapse in the efferent pathway to the lacrimal gland?

A

pterygopalatine ganglion
sphenopalatine ganglion
Meckel’s ganglion

70
Q

postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers from the pterygopalatine, sphenopalatine or Meckel’s ganglion will become incorporated in which cranial nerve branch?

A

maxillary nerve of the trigeminal

71
Q

the parasympathetic pathway to the lacrimal gland will involve branches from which cranial nerves?

A

facial and trigeminal nerves

72
Q

the zygomaticotemporal nerve will convey postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers to the lacrimal gland through a communication with which branch of the fifth cranial nerve?

A

ophthalmic

73
Q

preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers from the seventh cranial nerve to the submandibular and sublingual glands will exit the pons in what nerve?

A

nervous intermediate, nerve of wrisberg, sensory root of facial nerve

74
Q

which immediate branch of the seventh cranial nerve will convey preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers to the submandibular and sublingual glands?

A

chorda tympani nerve

75
Q

the chorda tympani nerve exits the temporal bone via which opening?

A

the petrotympanic fissure of the temporal bone

76
Q

the chorda tympani nerve will join which nerve?

A

the lingual nerve of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

77
Q

peripheral sensory processes from the receptors around the ear and mastoid region are conveyed to the seventh cranial nerve from what other cranial nerve?

A

vagus

78
Q

in general, somatic afferent pathways typically terminate on which nucleus?

A

the spinal trigeminal nucleus

79
Q

what is the classification of sensory fibers associated with taste?

A

special visceral afferent fibers

80
Q

peripheral sensory processes from taste receptors in the anterior two thirds of the tongue are conveyed in the seventh cranial nerve to what ganglion?

A

genicular ganglion or geniculate ganglion

81
Q

what fluid is present within the membranous labyrinth?

A

endolymph

82
Q

what is the name given to spiral appearance of the organ for hearing?

A

cochlea

83
Q

how is sound or position converted into a neural impulse?

A

endolymph is displaced and alters the membrane of a specialized receptor cell

84
Q

in what elevations of each part of the vestibular apparatus will receptor cells be identified?

A

the macula of the saccule, the macula of the utricle and the crista ampullaris of the ampullae of the semicircular ducts

85
Q

what is unique to the receptor cells associated with equilibrium?

A

stereocilia and a single kinocilium

86
Q

what is the location of the primary afferent neuron associated with equilibrium?

A

Scarpa’s ganglion or the vestibular ganglion

87
Q

receptor cells associated with hearing are located in what structure?

A

the organ of Corti in the cochlear duct or scala media

88
Q

what is the unique feature of receptor cells associated with hearing?

A

stereocilia

89
Q

what is the location of the primary afferent neuron associated with hearing?

A

the spiral ganglion or cochlear ganglion

90
Q

central sensory processes of primary afferent neurons associated with equilibrium will terminate on secondary afferent neurons in what location?

A

the vestibular nuclear complex

91
Q

branchial efferent fibers conveyed in the ninth cranial nerve will inervate what target?

A

stylopharyngeus muscle

91
Q

what is/are the target organs(s) monitoring blood pressure or blood physiology which are supplied by the ninth cranial nerve?

A

carotid body or carotid glomus and the carotid sinus

91
Q

ninth cranal nerve psedounipolar neuron cell bodies monitoring general visceral sensation are located in which ganglion?

A

inferior glossopharyngeal ganglion or petrosal ganglion

91
Q

preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers are observed in what primary branch of the ninth cranial nerve?

A

tympanic nerve or nerve of jacobson

91
Q

within the temporal bone, pregaglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the ninth cranial nerve will ultimately form what nerve?

A

the lesser (superficial) petrosal nerve

91
Q

preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers will be found in what branch(es) of the ninth cranial nerve?

A

the tympanic nerve and lesser (superficial) petrosal nerve

91
Q

preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers from the ninth cranial nerve will synapse in which ganglion?

A

otic ganglion or Arnold’s ganglion

91
Q

postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers from the otic or Arnold’s ganglion will comunicate with what other cranial nerve branch?

A

the auriculotemporal branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal

91
Q

peripheral afferent processes associated with receptors in the mastoid air cells, in the tympanic cavity or in the auditory tube arise from pseudounipolar neurons located in what ganglion of the ninth cranial nerve?

A

the superior glossopharyngeal ganglion or jugular ganglion

100
Q

central sensory processes from the ninth cranial nerve pseudounipolar neuron cell bodies monitoring general visceral sensation will synpase in what location of the brain?

A

cardiorespiratory nucleus of the nucleus solitarius

101
Q

ninth cranial nerve pseudounipolar sensory neuron cell bodies monitoring taste located in which ganglion?

A

inferior glossopharyngeal ganglion or petrosal ganglion

102
Q

branchial efferent fibers conveyed in the tenth cranial nerve will innervate what target organs?

A

muscles of the soft palate
constrictor muscles of the pharynx
cricothyroid muscle
palatoglossal muscle

103
Q

where will preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the tenth cranial nerve synapse?

A

intramural ganglia of the target organs and the cardiac plexus

104
Q

what is the location of primary afferent neurons of the tenth cranial nerve whose peripheral processes are associated with general somatic sensation from the posterior cranial dura?

A

jugular ganglion or superior vagal ganglion

105
Q

where will central processes of pseudounipolar afferent neurons of the tenth cranial nerve associated with somatic sensation synapse?

A

the spinal trigeminal nucleus

106
Q

peripheral processes of pseudounipolar neurons assocaited with general visceral sensation are carried in the tenth to what location?

A

the nodose ganglion or inferior vagal ganglion

107
Q

central processes of pseudounipolar neurons associated with general visceral sensation are carried in the tenth cranial nerve to synapse at what location?

A

the cardiorespiratory nucleus of the nucleus solitarius

108
Q

what are the target organs monitoring blood pressure or blood physiology supplied by the tenth cranial nerve?

A
  • aortic body or aortic glomus

- aortic arch

109
Q

what isis specically monitored by each type of vascular visceral receptor associated with the tenth cranial nerve?

A

baroreceptors monitor blood pressure

chemoreceptors monitor hypoxia, hypercapnia (C02) levels, and increasing hydrogen ions (blood pH)

110
Q

where are pseudounipolar primary afferent neurons associated with taste sensation from the eipiglottis located?

A

the nodose ganglion or inferior vagal ganglion

spinal anatomy 2 (5 decks)

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