quiz questions exam 2 Flashcards
what parts of the body will the right lymphatic duct drain?
1) the right side of teh head, neck and thoracic parietal wall
2) right lung and convex (diaphragmatic) surface of the liver
what is the location and structural origin for the thoracic duct?
L2 from the cisterna chyli
what are examples of aggregate lymph nodules?
the tonsils and peyer’s patches
what is the function of lymph nodules?
perpetuation of the lymphocyte cell line and to aid in the immune response
what is the function of lymph nodes?
primary function is to filter lymph but are also involved in lymphocytopoiesis and they do participate in the immune response
what attaches to the anterior arch of C1?
longus colli
what is the morphology of the superior articular facet?
1) elliptical
2) closer together in front
3) often demonstrate an elevation subividing the facet surface into 2 separate surfaces
what is the orientaion of the inferior articular facet of C1?
backward medial downward (BMD)
what is the name of the rounded elevation on the medial aspect of the lateral mass of C1?
tubercle for the transverse atlantal ligament
what muscles attach to the lateral mass of C1?
1) levator scapula
2) splenius cervicis
3) rectus capitis anterior
what is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch to the skin in each gender
males ~ 50 mm
females ~ 37 mm
what attaches to the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1
rectus capitis posterior minor muscle
ligamentum nuchae
with regard to ossification of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament, what is the gender bias, bone classification, amount of ossification and general percent of the population?
male: accessory bone, complete ponticulus posticus, 15%
female: accessory bone, partial ponticulus posticus, 26%
what muscles attach to the transverse process of C1?
1) rectus capitis anterior
2) rectus capitis lateralis
3) middle scalene
4) levator scapula
5) splenius cervicis
6) obliquus capitis superior
7) obliquus capitis inferior
8 intertransversarii muscles
what is the gender variation for measurements of the transverse diameter of C1?
males: 78 mm
females: 72 mm
what is the distance from posterior tubercle of the transverse process of C1 to the skin for each gender?
a little over 30mm for males and females
what joint classifications are observed at C1?
1) amphiarthrosis syndesmosis
2) diarthrosis trochoid
3) diarthrosis ellipsoidal
4) diarthrosis arthrodia
what names are given to C2?
1) axis
2) epistropheus (know this one for shizzle)
what joint classifications are present at the vertebral body of C2?
1) amphiarthrosis syndesmosis
2) diarthrosis trochoid
3) modiefied diarthrosis sellar
4) amphiarthrosis symphsis
what attaches to the lamina of C2?
1) obliquus capitis inferior muscle
2) posterior atlanto-axial ligament
3) ligamentum flavum
what is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for the fovea dentis lies below the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical-dental and alar ligaments appear to be directed anterior
kyphotic dens
what ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal above C2?
membrana tectoria
what is teh facet orientation of the superior articular facet of C2?
BUL
backward
upward
lateral
what is the gender variation for the transverse diameter of C2?
males: 57 mm
females: 50 mm
what name is given only to C7?
vertebral prominens
what is the segment and gender bias for vertebrae othe rthan C7 becoming the vertebral prominence?
C6 is more common in females and T1 is more common in males
how many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of C7?
8
what muscles attach to the transverse process of C7?
1) middle scalene
2) iliocostalis throacis
3) longissimus cervicis
4) semispinalis capitis
5) rotators
6) intertransversarii
7) levator costarum brevis
what is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C7?
ForMeD
forward
medial
down
what muscles attach to the spinous process of C7?
1) trapezius
2) rhomboid minor
3) serratus posteior superior
4) splenius capitis
5) spinalis capitis
6) spinalis cervicis
7) semispinalis throacis
8) multifidis
9) rotators
10) interspinalis
the vertebral artery on which side is typically larger?
left vertebral artery
what is the gender bias regarding size of the vertebral artery?
men have larger vertebral arteries than women
what is the name of the physical exam used to determine vertebral artery patency?
the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency test
which side artery is tested during the course of the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency exam?
the ipsilateral artery on the side of rotation
at what location will the vertebral artery form its compensatory loop?
the atlanto-axial interspace
at what segments will the vertebral artery be firmly attached to the transverse foramen?
both C1 and C2
what is the purpose of the vertebral artery loops between C2, C1 and occiput?
the increased length will accommodate the greater rotation at these locations
what happens to the vertebral artery after it enters the subarachnoid space at C1?
the vertebral artery ascends along the medulla oblongata to the pontine-medullary junction where the right and left arteries unite to form the basilar artery
what artery is formed by the union of the right and left vertebral arteries?
the basilar artery
what forms the boundaries for the exit of the C1 nerve from the spinal canal?
1) occipital condyle
2) superior articular process of C1
3) capsular ligament
4) arcuate rim
5) groove for the vertebral artery
6) posterior atlanto-axial ligament
what forms the boundaries for the exit of the C2 nerve from the spinal canal?
1) inf. art.process of C1
2) sup. art. process of C2
3) inf. vert. notch of C1
4) sup. vert. notch of C2
5) post. arch of C1
6) lamina of C2
7) capsular ligament
8) post. atlanto-axial ligament
what forms the anterior boundary for the C3-C7 nerve exit from the spinal canal?
1) vertebral bodies
2) intervertebral discs
3) PLL
4) uncinate process
5) lateral groove
what features will allow discrimination between T2-T4 and T5-T8 segmental groups?
1) vertebral body
2) transverse process
3) articular process
4) spinous process
what is the aortic impression?
the flattening of the superior and inferior epiphyseal rims on the left side of the vertebral body of T5-T8 which give the vertebral body a less scalloped or less indented appearance on that side
what is the principal cause of the posterior curve of the thoracic spine?
the vertebral body height differences
what joint classifications are identified at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
1) amphiarthrosis syndesmosis
2) amphiarthrosis symphysis
3) diarthrosis arthrodia
how many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
four
how many joints are formed at the vertbral body of a typical thoracic?
typically ten
fourteen if the rib ligaments are included
what is the name given to the joint formed between the verebral body and the rib?
costocentral joint
what does the intra-articular or interarticular ligament connect to?
the interarticular or intra-articular crest of the capitulum of the rib and the intervertebral disc
what ligaments support the costocentral joint?
1) radiate costocentral (stellate costocentral) ligament
2) interarticular (intra-articular) ligament
which x-ray view is used to see into the intervertebral foramen of a typical thoracic?
lateral view
what ligaments support the soctotransverse joint of a typical thoracic?
1) superior costotransverse
2) inferior costotransverse
3) lateral costotransverse
the superior costotransverse ligament of the transverse process of T4 will attach to which rib?
fifth rib
which muscles may attach to the transverse process of a typical thoracic?
1) Longissimus thoracic, cervicis, capitis
2) semispinalis cervicis and capitis
3) rotator longus and brevis
4) levator costarum longus and brevis
5) Intertransverarii
6) multifidis
how can you distinguish between T2-T4 and T5-T8 segment using the articular process?
T2-T4 - the width between the sup. art. processes is greater than the width between the inf. art. process of that vertebra
T5-T8 - the width between the sup. art. processses is equal to the width between the inf. art. processes of that vertebra