Quiz on Chapter 2 Flashcards
Skinner used the term __________ to refer to the way an experimenter molds simple behavior of an animal into complex behavior.
a. molding
b. shaping
c. claying
d. sculpting
b. shaping
The smallest unit of unconditioned behavior is a _________.
a. motor response, such as a lever press
b. reflex
c. neuron
d. fixed-action pattern
b. reflex
The concept of a reflex was formulated by _______.
a. Aristotle
b. Pavlov
c. Skinner
d. Descartes
d. Descartes
The muscles involved in a reflex are activated by _____.
a. interneurons
b. motor neurons
c. afferent neurons
d. the spinal cord
b. motor neurons
In a simple reflex, a neural impulse from a sensory neuron is relayed to a motor neuron via ______.
a. muscle
b. an efferent neuron in the spinal cord
c. a reflex arc
d. an interneuron
d. an interneuron
Modal-action patterns are ______.
a. species-typical
b. not affected by the motivational state of the organism
c. usually restricted to a single muscle movement
d. not examples of elicited behavior because they are instinctive
a. species-typical
The suckling behavior that occurs in infant mammals _________.
a. is not a modal-action pattern because only one muscle is involved in this behavior
b. is an example of a modal-action pattern
c. is not an example of species-typical behavior
d. does not usually occur in a stereotyped manner
b. is an example of a modal-action pattern
In an experiment conducted by Domjan and Nash (1988), it was observed that the approach response of sexually experienced male quail to a live female was similar to that observed toward a taxidermic model of a female’s head and neck. This suggests that ______.
a. movement cues and auditory stimuli served as sign cues
b. modal-action patterns are elicited independent of the presence of sign stimuli
c. the calls and body movements of the live female quail did not serve as sign stimuli
d. male quail do not use sign stimuli
c. the calls and body movements of the live female quail did not serve as sign stimuli
Given the opportunity, some species of frogs will leap toward a large, brightly-lit area, especially if the area is blue. In this example, the brightly-lit blue area is ________.
a. a modal-action pattern
b. a species-typical stimulus
c. a sign stimulus
d. serving to decrease motivation to produce a fixed-action pattern
c. a sign stimulus
A sign stimulus can be described as ______.
a. a restricted set of stimuli that are required to elicit any reflex
b. a restricted set of stimuli that are required to elicit a modal-action pattern
c. a stimulus that is required to elicit any behavior
d. a modal-action pattern that now elicits a reflex arc
b. a restricted set of stimuli that are required to elicit a modal-action pattern
Which of the following statements regarding the role of motivational states is NOT correct?
a. An organism’s motivational state facilitates a modal-action pattern, and the opportunity to perform the modal-action pattern in turn reduces the motivational state.
b. Ethologists consider the motivational state of an organism to be an important factor involved in the organization of behavior.
c. Motivational states are actually a type of sign stimuli because they can elicit modal-action patterns.
d. A releasing stimulus can elicit a modal-action pattern when an organism is in a particular motivational state
c. Motivational states are actually a type of sign stimuli because they can elicit modal-action patterns.
The hydraulic model-proposes that _______.
a. a modal-action pattern produces a sign stimulus, and performing the modal-action pattern in turn removes the sign stimulus
b. a sign stimulus produces a modal-action pattern, and performing the modal-action pattern in turn removes the sign stimulus
c. modal-action patterns create a motivational state, and the opportunity to perform those responses in turn reduces the motivational state
d. a motivational state can facilitate modal-action patterns, and the opportunity to perform those responses in turn reduces the motivational state
d. a motivational state can facilitate modal-action patterns, and the opportunity to perform those responses in turn reduces the motivational state
The two components of the response sequence involved in the ethological model of the discharge of a drive state are ____.
a. appetitive behavior and consummatory responses
b. a modal-action pattern and a sign stimulus
c. a reflex arc and elicited behavior
d. learning and maturation
a. appetitive behavior and consummatory responses
Compared to consummatory responses, appetitive behavior ______.
a. is more stereotyped
b. is less stereotyped
c. is more species-typical
d. includes a narrower range of activities
b. less stereotyped
In the sexual behavior system, the copulatory responses that serve to complete the sexual interaction __________.
a. are examples of consummatory responses
b. are examples of appetitive behavior
c. do not serve to decrease the motivation to engage in sexual behavior
d. are not considered to be consummatory responses because no food is involved
a. are examples of consumatory responses
Unlike the typical ethological model of discharge of a drive state, Timberlake’s behavior system ______.
a. consists of only two modes of behavior
b. begins with the focal search mode
c. ends with the ‘food handling and consumption mode’, which is similar to the ethologists’ ‘consummatory behavior’.
d. does not follow a linear order of steps
c. ends with ‘food handling and consumption mode’, which is similar to the ethologists’ ‘consummatory behavior’.
The order of the response components in Timberlake’s feeding behavior sequence is ______.
a. general search –>focal search –>food handling and ingestion
b. appetitive behavior –>consummatory responses
c. general search –>food search –>consummatory responses
d. appetitive behavior –>focal search –>food handling and ingestion
a. general search –>focal search –>food handling and ingestion
Timberlake’s feeding behavior sequence begins with ________.
a. focal search
b. general search
c. food handling and ingestion
d. appetitive behavior
b. general search
Timberlake’s feeding behavior sequence ends with __________.
a. focal search
b. general search
c. food handling and ingestion
d. appetitive behavior
c. food handling and ingestion
Which of the following statements regarding behavior systems is NOT true?
a. Behavior systems consist of two modes of behavior called ‘appetitive’ and ‘consummatory’.
b. The sequence of response modes is linear.
c. The response sequence is linear and bi-directional.
d. Each response mode involves increased sensitivity or attention to particular stimuli.
a. Behavior systems consist of two modes of behavior called ‘appetitive’ and ‘consummatory’.
According to an ecological analysis of behavior, the crow in the video was attracted to, and drank from, the glass of sherry because:
a. that’s what birds do when they feel tense
b. the alcohol made it feel sexy
c. the alcohol kills bad breath
d. sherry smells like formic acid, which elicits “anting” behavior
d. sherry smells like formic acid, which elicits “anting” behavior.
Loeb called an automatic navigation movement toward or away from an eliciting stimulus a(n):
a. unconditioned response
b. tropism
c. dishabituation
d. fixed action pattern
b. tropism
According to Spalding’s work, domestic chicks were capable of pecking at seeds accurately on the 3rd day of life, but only if they had the opportunity to practice pecking seeds on days 1 & 2.
a. True
b. false
b. false
The “zig-zag” dance of the stickle back fish is performed:
a. by the male when it sees a female near its nest
b. by the male when it sees another male near its nest
c. by the female when it sees its offspring approach the nest
d. by a female when it’s all alone
a. by the male when it sees a female near its nest
Who described the mind at birth as a “blank slate”?
a. Rene Descartes
b. Ivan Pavlov
c. John Locke
d. Herman Ebbinghaus
c. John Locke
During the breeding season, the underside of a reproductively active male stickleback becomes:
a. blue
b. red
c. silver
d. swollen
b. red
Before ethologists do experiments on behavior, they first describe the behavior carefully. The description, or behavioral profile, of an individual animal or group is called:
a. an anagram
b. the behavioral repertoire assessment
c. an ethogram
d. none of the above
c. an ethogram
A colleague of Darwin who was criticized for being anthropomorphic and for depending too much on casual observation for obtaining evidence of animal intelligence was:
a. Jacques Loeb
b. Douglas Spalding
c. George Romanes
d. Charles Darwin
c. George Romanes
The philosophical position that holds that all knowledge of humans results from sensory experience is known as:
a. empiricism or associationism
b. nativism
c. interactionism
d. monism
a. empiricism or associationism
An artificial stimulus which is more effective than a natural sign stimulus (or releasing stimulus) is called:
a. a gestalt stimulus
b. a supernormal releaser
c. a synergistic releaser
d. a learned releasing stimulus
b. a supernormal releaser
A variable which the experimenter intentionally manipulates to determine whether it affects a response is called:
a. extraneous variable
b. dependent variable
c. independent variable
d. confounding variable
c. independent variable
A learned behavior change can be distinguished from a behavior change due to maturation because:
a. learned behaviors are relatively permanent, but maturational changes are temporary
b. learned behaviors depend heavily on experience with the environment while maturational changes depend heavily on time
c. maturational changes are easier to reverse than learned changes
d. all of the above
b. learned behaviors depend heavily on experience with the environment, while maturational changes depend heavily on time.
Tinbergen’s work on parenting behavior (feeding) of herring gulls demonstrated that the sign stimulus for begging behavior was:
a. the parent bird’s call
b. the particular shape of the parent’s bill
c. the particular color (yellow) of the parent’s bill
d. a small spot on the bill of the parent bird
d. a small spot on the bill of the parent bird?
The famous ethologist who studied the imprinting phenomenon in baby geese was:
a. B. F. Skinner
b. Ivan Pavlov
c. Konrad Lorenz
d. Karl von Frisch
c. Konrad Lorenz
Who discovered color vision in bees?
a. B. F. Skinner b. Ivan Pavlov c. Konrad Lorenz d. Karl von Frisch
d. Karl von Frisch
The Law of Parsimony was formulated by which famous animal behaviorist:
a. George Romanes b. B.F. Skinner c. Clifford Morgan d. Charles Darwin
c. Clifford Morgan
In a maze learning experiment, the number of errors made would be which kind of variable?
a. an independent variable b. a control variable c. a constant variable d. a dependent variable
d. dependent variable
What does it mean to say that two events are contiguous?
a. they occur close together in time and/or space b. they are both perceptually vivid c. the events have opposite effects on behavior d. the events have identical effects on behavior
a. they occur close together in time and/or space
Ethologists believed that animals relied much more on instinct than on learned behavior to survive in nature.
a. True b. False
a. True
Which of the following is a characteristic of the association theory of knowledge?
a. a complex idea consists of the association of numerous sense impressions b. new associations are formed faster if their sense impressions can be readily contrasted c. experiencing two sense impressions close together in time is unimportant in associating the two d. a & b e. a,b &c
d. a & b ?
Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection suggested why similar species of animal have anatomical characteristics in common. The possibility that they might also have psychological characteristics in common has come to be known as:
a. nativism b. monochromism c. empiricism d. the mental continuity hypothesis
d. the mental continuity hypothesis
Which is the most accurate description of natural selection?
a. survival of the strongest
b. survival of those best able to cope with stress
c. reproduction of those best able to adapt to the prevailing environment
d. reproduction of those best able to cooperate with others if its species
C. Reproduction of those best able to adapt to the prevailing environment
Tinbergen’s work with herring gull chicks showed that they pecked more at a striped pencil than they did at a cardboard replica of the parent’s bill. The pencil stimulus was called a:
a. an abnormal elicitor b. an artificial releaser c. a behavior energizer d. a supernormal releaser
d. a supernormal releaser
The recovery in strength of an unconditioned response following habituation and a period of rest (time) is called:
a. spontaneous generation b. extinction c. spontaneous recovery d. sensitization
.Not on this exam
In general, habituation is more complete with more intense stimuli than less intense stimuli.
a. True b. False
.Not on this exam but it’s false
The tendency to attribute human psychological qualities to lower life forms is known as:
a. bestiality b. anthropomorphism c. parsimony d. none of the above
b. anthropomorphism
Learning theorists are interested in scientifically studying which type of association?
a. Stimulus-stimulus associations b. Stimulus-response associations c. neither d. both a & b
d. both a & b
The attraction of a moth toward a candle flame is an example of what Loeb would call:
a. a positive geotropism b. a positive phototropism c. negative chemotaxis d. positive thigmotaxis
b. positive phototropism
The goals of ethology were first described in a text entitled The Study of Instinct. Who was the author?
a. Charles Darwin b. Niko Tinbergen c. Karl von Frisch d. Robert Wallace
b. Niko Tinbergen
Which of the following is true?
a. Lorenz discovered color vision in honey bees
b. Von Frisch studied imprinting
c. Honey bees keep their knowledge of food sources secret
d. Honey bees can see blue, but probably not red
d. Honey bees can see blue, but probably not red.
Signals that food is far away from the hive (more than 100 meters)
Waggle Dance
Signals that food is near the hive (within 100 meters)
Round Dance
An emotional attachment that is accompanied by following of the stimulus
Imprinting
The right time during development to have an experience with a stimulus
Critical Period
A goal of ethology
Development
In the article on spider detection, who were the participants?
a. male spiders b. crows c. human infants d. adult humans
c. human infants
What was the dependent variable in the article on spider detection?
a. movement b. fear c. running away d. looking time
d. looking time
Which image did participants in the spider study visually inspect the longest?
a. the realistic image of a spider b. the image that had the parts of the spider randomly re-positioned c. the image of a poisonous spider d. the image of a bird eating a spider
a. the realistic image of a spider
According to the authors of the spider study, of all the non-human animals that were potentially harmful to hominids over evolutionary history, in all likelihood none were more recurring than:
a. spiders and lions
b. spiders and snakes
c. snakes and birds
d. humana and Bengal tigers
b. spiders and snakes
In the habituation experiment (Experiment 3) by Rakisson and Derringer (2007) predicted that habituation to real images of spiders should transfer to the all-black schematic image better than the reconfigured and completely scrambled spider.
a. True b. False
a. True
One of the main conclusions drawn from the spider experiments was that they were the first to show that infants may possess a mental template
for an animal that was a recurrent, but avoidable, threat during evolutionary history.
a. True b. False
a. True
