Quiz III Proteins

Question 1

Total protein

Answer 1

albumin; major protein

globulin

Question 2

4 functions of proteins

Answer 2

energy
osmotic force
transport
hormones

Question 3

Most widely used method for protein determination

Answer 3

Biuret method; The name comes from the reagent used in the test. Biuret reagent is an alkaline solution of copper sulfate. The cupric (copper II) ion is blue in aqueous solution. When mixed with anything containing peptide bonds, the result is a violet color.
The peptide bond is structurally similar to the bonds in the biuret reagent. For a positive result, at least two peptide bonds must be present (tripeptide).

Question 4

Another method for measuring protein, mainly albumin

Answer 4

Dye binding method; This method is based upon the ability of proteins to bind dyes. The dye binds to protonated amine groups of amino acids. The change in absorbance at 595 nm is measured.
This method is used chiefly for albumin and is widely used in automated instruments. When albumin is positively charged, it binds to certain dyes causing a change in absorbance.

Question 5

Four dyes used

Answer 5

methyl orange
HABA - 4’-hydroxyazobenzene-2-carboxylic acid
BCG - bromocresol green
BCP - bromocresol purple

Question 6

Explain the principle of electrophoresis

Answer 6

when an electrical field is applied to a medium containing charged particles, the negatively charged particles migrate toward the positive electrode and the positively charges particles migrate toward the negative electrode. This separates the protein fractions in the serum when an electrical field is applied.

Question 7

increase or spike in gamma globulin fraction due to presence of abnormal protein

Answer 7

Multiple myeloma

Question 8

genetic disorder that causes pulmonary difficulties and is characterized on electrophoresis by a sharp decrease in the alpha 1 fraction

Answer 8

alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency

Question 9

decrease albumin
increase alpha 2
increase beta fraction

Answer 9

nephrotic syndrome

Question 10

increase in alpha 1, 2 and beta fractions

Answer 10

inflammation

Question 11

phenomenon produced by cirrhosis

Answer 11

beta gamma bridge

Question 12

describe endosmosis

Answer 12

when electrophoretic buffer flows backward towards the cathode when the electrical currant is applied and sweeps the gamma regian with it; which causes the gamma region to go back toward the negative pole even though the proteins are negatively charged

Question 13

quantitative method for immunoglobulin analysis

Answer 13

nephlometry; Immunoglobulins react with a specific antibody to produce an immunoprecipitate and the forward light scatter is measured. It can be used for protein analysis of all body fluids.

Question 14

qualitative method for evaluation of immunoglobulins

Answer 14

Immunofixation; it serves to identify specific immunoglobulins and should only be ordered after and SPE has been performed

Proteins are electrophoresed into five zones as in SPE. Monospecific antiserum is added and the support medium is stained for the visual interpretation of the bands. It is used for protein analysis of all body fluids

Question 15

normal ranges for albumin and total protein

Answer 15

albumin 3.5-5.0 g/dL
TP 6.0-8.5 g/dL
globulin 2.5-3.5 g/dL

A/G ration 1.1-1.8
globulin= TP - albumin

Question 16

Clinical symptom of low albumin levels

Answer 16

edema

Question 17

Screening used to help detect the onset of nephropathy in diabetic patients

Answer 17

Microalbumin in urine

Question 18

decreased haptoglobins

Answer 18

hemolytic disorder or HTR

Question 19

abnormal accumulation of copper in the organs

Answer 19

results in Wilsons disease

Question 20

transferrin would be increased in which anemia

Answer 20

IDA

Question 21

normal range for CSF proteins

Answer 21

15-45 mg/dL

Question 22

oligoclonal banding

occurs in 90% of MS patients

Answer 22

MS patients with increased CSF IgG and distinct bands in the CSF that don’t appear in the serum