Quiz 9 (personality) Flashcards
habitus according to St. Thomas
A disposition that empowers a person to accomplish some goal.
needed to acquire knowledge. beyond just shallow memorizing facts.
Critique of article on measurement in psych
Modern psychologists have taken S.S. Stevens’ view and now struggle with preseumptions about interval/ratio scaled measurements.
Article on the TRIM scale and averaging and stuff
“I have a lot of height” 1 to 5 means nothing.
And averaging the scores only makes sense if the units measure the attribute.
Hall and Lindzey’s ‘Theories of Personality’ defined personality as what?
There are many theories, and we each have to adopt one as our own.
A ‘trait’ is dependent on both _____ and _____
context and the behavior itself
What is ‘relatively’ in “relatively enduring”?
What does it describe?
Part of trait’s definition.
Relatively means dependent on situations.
Instead of characteristics that an individual has, personality types are more like _____ of people
descriptions
Personality in cross-species research
Explored environmental effects on personality by researching dogs.
Why assess personality?
clinical, corporate; behavior.
Self-report methods explore one’s
self-concept; thoughts/views of oneself
self-concept differntiation
degree of different self-concept in different roles. (related to coherence in sense of self?)
concerns with self-report measures
might fake-good or fake-bad. or inability to answer honestly
error of central tendency
leniency error
severity error
generosity error
These are biases in what?
tend to rate everyone near midpoint
leniency = generosity (favorably generous)
severity = harsh judgements
Biases in rating others.
Parent rates child as hyperactive. Teacher rates as normal.
Who is right?
Can both be right.
Response style
A tendency to respond to a test item or question in the same way regardless of the content
Acquiescent
A type of response style
More likely to say yes/true than no/false
impression management
attempt to manipulate others’ impressions by selectively exposing some info
validity scale in personality assessment
How honestly the testtaker responded and whether responses have some kind of bias
Scope of an assessment
Wide or narrow.
is MMPI theoretical?
no, it’s atheoretical
One advantage of atheoretical tools for personality assessment
Can impose own theoretical preferences to interpret findings
structured interview
Follows guide and little choice in posing questions
graphology
handwriting analysis
Frame of reference
Aspects of focus of exploration (eg. time frame).
time, place, people, etc.
usually is how i am right now. but can be how i ideally am.
Q-sort technique
Task: soft a gorup of statements from most to least descriptive.
used in clinical and other purposes.
sentence completion format
finish the rest of sentence stem.
a way of assessing personality.
What ways are things scored?
Many ways.
Some are easy sums, some are computer manipulations of data, some need highly trained review of transcripts.
Nomothetic approach vs. Idiographic approach in personality
give exmaples
Nomothetic: a few traits apply to ALL people. differ in degree (eg. big 5)
Idiographic: focuses on what makes up the individual. does not care about where they fall on continuum
ipsative approach
compares individuals intraindividually (strength of traits compared to self)
social desirability (SD) scales
validity scales. MMPI has.
content-orented approach to test development
uses logic/reason in developing test items.
which is most common tool to do test development?
theory.
threat assessment
process to identify potential to harm. some meet the expert thing.
Compare data reduction in colors vs. personality
similar goal of finding ‘primary’ personality traits.
difference is that personality there’s debate of how many and what they are.
Cattell had ____ primary factors of personality.
16
Cattell’s 5 is similar with Big 5
T/F?
T
empirical criterion keying
how does it work?
use criterion groups to make test items.
1) make a large bank of test items.
2) have 2 groups: 1 is people who have the trait. another is people who are random
3) item analysis to see which items to include
4) group 2 members are used as reference (if appropriate)
criterion group
a reference group with shared specific characteristics
Does the content of test items in empirical criterion keying have to map on to the concept logically and directly?
no.
MMPI method of test dev.
Used epirical criterion keying (pioneer)
used logic/reason by reviewing stuff for the initial items.
L F and K scales
Validity scales in the MMPI
Lie, Frequency (infrequency), Correction
Content scales (MMPI)
groups of items with similar content
Largest difference between MMPI and MMPI-2
the more representative standardization sample.
rewritten 14% of items too.
3 new validity scales.
What 2 concerns led to MMPI-2-RF?
1) overlap in items
2) demoralization common factor
MMPI-3
Shorter (25-50min)
More languags
4 new scales
Acculturation
individual thoughts/behaviors/values/worlview/identity develop in relation to general thinking or customs of a cultural group
Instrumental vs. Terminal values
Instrumental: guiding principles to help attain some objective (eg. honesty)
Terminal: guiding principles that is an endpoint (eg. a comfortable life)
What is personality (Beaujean)
A psychical system in an environment that consists of many parts; typically makes output.
Substance and Form of Personality (Beaujean)
Substance:
- Noesis vs. Orexis
Form:
Ability/power; traits (dispositions) or states
2 parts of orexis
affections (passive, hedonic valuence; moods/emotions)
connations (active; motivations/goals, volitions)
orexis or noesis has 1st/3rd person symmetry?
noesis. both little weight.
which are we usually not consciously aware of: traits or states
traits (dispositions)
4 ways of assessing orexis
LOTS
life history, observation, testing, self-report
2 wyas of assessing noesis
observation and products
what do people tend to lie about?
Things socially acceptable or self-serving
What does a combination of other-report and self-report do?
Fill holes due to biases or something that one doesn’t capture.
Criteria for orexis vs. noesis
Goodness (orexis) vs. Correctness (noesis)
Manifestations of noesis
Level
Range
Speed
Performance for orexis vs. noesis
typical vs. maximal
projective method of personality assessment
personality assessed by supplying structure to incomplete stimuli.
indirect method of personality assessment
not directly asked about info.
What do projective measures people claim is advantage
They tap into unconscious, so reveal things the individual don’t know.
Types of projective stimuli
pictures, words (including sentence completion), sounds
figure-drawing tests
type of projective method.
eg. draw a person (DAP)
drawings by pedophiles of DAP are small. what kind of test?
figure-drawing tests
Psychometric soundness of projective insturments
not really a thing
Instead of objective/projective dichotomy, Weiner suggeests _______
structured/unstructured
behavioral vs. psychological assessment
beahhvior: describe targeted behaviors; focus on environment; behavior itself, not personality.
traditional: traits and states
behavioral assessment “Who”
research/clinical/other specific purpose.
more intensive study than normative data in psych assessment.
timeline followback methodology
TLFB
given specific calendar period to recall drinking; given specific hallmarks.
ecological momentary assessment
electronic diary of behavior
“Where” of behavioral assessment
anywhere. (unlike psych)
Reactivity
possible changes in response to being observed
Analogue study
1 or more variables are similar to real variable of interest.
situational performance measure
observation and evaluation of individual under standard set of circumstances
actual/stimulted conditions (eg. driving test)
leaderless group technique
Records individual’s inituative and other stuff in a group.
Helps pick leaders.
Role play
act improvised or partly impovised part
Psychophysiological methods
physiological stuff influenced by psychological factors.
Biofeedback
a psychophysiological method.
Pulse/blood pressure and stuff
Unobtrusive measures
a trace or record - like garbage.
contrast effect
when ratings are based on prior behavior, introducing error.
