Quiz 9 Chapter 10 Flashcards
Define Research.
A systematic investigation designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge.
Define Human Subject.
A living individual about whom an investigator conducting research obtains data through intervention or interaction with the individual, or identifiable private information.
Why is ethics so important in research and clinical practice?
Because people are capable of horrible acts without some method to insure ethical practice.
What three important finding of the Belmont Report?
- Respect for the person’s individual autonomy and protection of individuals with reduced autonomy.
- Beneficence by insuring maximizing benefit and minimizing harm;
- Guiding principles cannot be inferred from efficacy alone, such as benefits to some at the expense of others, or a prevailing ideology, or culture.
What are four threats to ethical behavior?
- Utilitarianism Applied to People – Treating people as objects or things with. Viewing a persons worth as what they can contribute.
- Scientism – Places science as the highest value. At the extreme end it puts answering scientific questions above other considerations.
- Rationalization – Biased justification of our behavior. We are prone toward doing this.
- The Greater Good – This one goes with making a perfect world. Essentially it is the ends justify the means.
Can we have a Science of Ethics?
Determining what behaviors to value are not likely within the realm of science.
Name four benefits of the HSIRB process.
- It affirms respect for the dignity of each person
- It contributes to public trust of research
- It protects researchers
- Reduces the probability of incidents
What are the four principles of the Canadian ethical code arranged from most to least importance
- Respect for the Dignity of the Person.
- Responsible Caring
- Integrity in Relationships
- Responsibility to Society
What is the relationship between benefits and risk in research and in clinical practice?
Benefits should always out way risks in research and in clinical practice. Although research can have risks, they should be understood by the participant and should be outweighed by the potential benefits.
Lists several types of risk.
Risks to safety, Psychological risks, Social risks, Economic risks, Criminal or Civil Liability, Biomedical risks.
List several potential benefits of research.
Health
Psychosocial
Economic (can be seen as coercive if they are large)
List four practices for handling risks.
- Providing anonymity or protecting confidentiality.
- Avoiding coercion
- Monitoring risk
- Balancing risks against benefits
Why is the consent process so important?
Because the participants need to be able to decide whether the benefits out weight the risks to make an informed decision.
What are four ways to ensure potential participants understand the benefits and risks involved in participation?
- Ensure they have the legal and mental capacity to make a decision.
- Determine whether they can describe the benefits and risk in their own words.
- The language used should be age and educationally appropriate.
- Ensure here is no coercion or undue influence.
What is a consent waiver?
A waiver that allows one to not obtain consent. Typically used for benign surveys where requiring consent may deter participation.
