Quiz 7 Nervous system part II

Question 1

Cerebrum

Answer 1

• the “bulk of the brain”

Question 2

Grey Matter vs. White Matter

Answer 2

Grey Matter: arrangements of neurons with cell bodies and dendrites (grouped near the outer surface of the cerebrum)

White Matter: myelinated axons arranged inward directed towards the spinal cord (eventually)

Question 3

Cortex

Answer 3

• the grey matter is referred to as the cortex
• is the location of conscious thought, reasoning, and abstract thought

(the cerebrum and its cortex make up the higher centers of the CNS both in function and location)

Question 4

Frontal Lobe

Answer 4

• primary motor area, intellect, Broca’s area (motor speech)

Question 5

Parietal Lobe

Answer 5

• primary sensory area, sensory association, taste

Question 6

Temporal Lobe

Answer 6

auditory/olfactory processing, Wernicke’s area (speech comprehension)

Question 7

Occipital Lobe

Answer 7

retinal interpretation, visual images of language

Question 8

Insular Lobe

Answer 8

• internal sense of effort, pain: response to other’s emotions (empathy)

Question 9

Homunculus

Answer 9

caricature illustrating areas of greater sensitivity or finer motor control areas (e.g. the hands), where greater numbers of neurons are involved

Question 10

Diencephalon

Answer 10

• a region between the cerebrum and the brainstem, below

Includes the: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Pineal Gland

Question 11

Thalamus

Answer 11

• synapse for all sensory inoput prior to reaching the cerebrum

[part of grey matter in center; synapse area for sensory]

Question 12

Hypothalamus

Answer 12

• regulates the vital processes, sleep, appetite, and autonomic function
• through direct control over the pituitary gland (discussed as part of the endocrine system) it regulates hormonal function

[link synapse b/w nervous system interpretation and hormonal response]

Question 13

Pineal Gland

Answer 13

• produces melatonin in response to light exposure

Question 14

Brainstem

Answer 14

• the brainstem connects the cerebrum and diencephalon with the spinal cord, and consists of three reflex centers:

Midbrain - most superior (b/w diencephalon and pons), lots of grey matter, visual and auditory reflexes

Pons - (middle) relay sensory impulses from peripheral nerves to higher brain centers (rate and depth of breathing

Medulla - b/w pons and spinal cord, all nerve fibers connected to brain and spinal cord must go through it, control vital visceral activities such as the cardiac and respiratory centers

Question 15

Cerebellum

Answer 15

• “little brain”; coordinates skeletal muscle motor activity initiated by the cerebrum, utilizing input from sensory receptors on the skin, joints, muscle, tendon, as well as visual and auditory data
• calculates the rate and direction of movement to predict the next appropriate movement in milliseconds, preventing overshot of target
• in essence, functioning like an on/off switch for skeletal muscle motion (contraction)

Question 16

The Spinal Cord

Answer 16

• (inferior to the medulla) extends from the foramen magnum to the bottom of the first lumbar vertebra
• consists of a number of ascending sensory tracts, decending motor tracts, and 31 pairs of spinal nerves each labeled for the vertebral level from which they extend to the periphery (e.g. C6 nerve)

Question 17

Ventricals of the Spinal Cord

Answer 17

• the ventricals are cavities that extend from the central cord into regions of the brain
• it is within these cavities that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is made
• CSF provides immune and mechanical protection to the brain and spinal cord, it constantly circulates and renews, and is the sampling taken during a spinal tap/lumbar puncture

Question 18

The Cranial Nerves

Answer 18

CN I Olfactory……..(S) CN VIII Acoustic……………..(S)

CN II Optic…………..(S) CN IX Glosspharyngeal…(B)

CNIII Oculomotor..(M) CN X Vagus……………………(B)

CN IV Trochlear….(M) CN XI Accessory…………..(M)

CN V Trigemina…..(B) CN XII Hypoglossal………(M)

CN VI Abducen……(M)

CN VII Facial………..(B)

Question 19

The Limbic System

What makes up the Limbic System (anatomically)?

Answer 19

• more of a functional unit than any one structure, the limbic system involves cooperative interplay b/w cerebral and diencephalon structures to influence behavior and motivational drives
• the hypothalamus, pineal gland, hippocampus, amygdala, as well as cortical regions of the cerebrum

[center for behavior and motivational drives?]

Question 20

Memory

Answer 20

• two broad categories of memory exists: declarative (explicit) and non-declarative (implicit)

Declarative: includes facts and events and involves parts of the temporal lobe and limbic system

Non-declarative: includes skills, priming, emotional and skeletal muscle conditioning, and habituation or sensitization; involves cerebral, cerebellar, and limbic structures

Question 21

Short-term Memory/Long-Term memory

Answer 21

Short-term: is characterized by changes in the strength of synaptic connections

Long-term: is formed through changes in protein synthesis, gene expression, and structural changes (more neuronal processes and synapses)