Quiz 2 CHEMISTRY Flashcards
Matter
- as it pertains to our study of the body, matter is anything that has mass and occupies space (has volume)
- exists as SOLID, LIQUID, or GAS
ATOM
- the smallest component of matter identified in chemical reactions
- 92 different naturally occurring atoms termed ELEMENTS
ELEMENTS
- the “stuff” that makes up our world
- 26 elements involved in maintaining human life, 13 are trace elements, the other 13 make up 99% of our corporeal matter
13 most abundant elements in the body
C Ca Cl Fe H I K Mg N Na O P S
MOLECULES/COMPOUNDS
two or more elements chemically bonded together
Covalent Bond (polar and non-polar)
- stable bond formed by sharing electrons
- unequal sharing termed POLAR covalent
- equal sharing termed NON-POLAR covalent
Ionic Bond
- relatively weak, unstable bond formed by one element donating electrons to the other
- this results in charged atoms called IONS that dissociate easily in solution into what is known as electrolytes
Electrolytes
the basis for electrical activity in our nervous and muscle tissue
Acids
compounds that donate a hydrogen ion (H+); a common acid is HCl
Bases
compounds that donate a hydroxyl ion (OH-); a common base is KOH
Acids and Bases
- when an acid and base are mixed they form a salt and water. Salts are electrolytes. Using this example, the reaction looks like:
HCl + KOH —> KCl + H2O
(the KCl dissociates into the K+ and the Cl- ions
pH
- a measure of how acidic or alkaline (basic) something is; generally measured on a 0-14 scale
- normal body pH is 7.35-7.45
Macromolecules
- there are 4 classes of relatively large molecules that comprise about 95% of our body: Carbohydrate, Lipid, Protein, and Molecule
Carbohydrates
C,H,O
- exist as monosaccharides (simple sugars), disaccharides, and polysaccharides
Functions: energy source/storage, structural stability, DNA/RNA
Lipids
C,H,O
- exist as triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids
Functions: energy source/storage, membrane components, steroid hormones
Proteins
C,H,O,N
- exist in a myriad of forms, small and large, all composed of AMINO ACIDS e.g. enzymes, membrane receptors, and hormones
Functions: energy source, coding for structure or function
Nucleotides
C,H,O,N,P
- exist in nucleic acids (DNA,RNA) and ATP
Functions: energy currency, coding, signaling, aiding metabolism
Water
- is a polar covalent compound vital for maintaining homeostasis, acting as a universal solvent and transporter
- found within our cells as intracellular fluid
- as extracellular fluid it is part of our blood, lymph, and interstitial fluid (fluid surrounding our cells), as well as in our secretions and excretions
- regulating the chemistry of these fluids is essential to sustain life, where moderate imbalance results in disease and severe imbalance results in death
Energy
- the ability to do work or put matter into motion
- exists in 2 basic forms: either stored or changing
- in biochemistry, stored energy is the potential that exists as a result of the bond that holds molecules together and it is referred to as CHEMICAL ENERGY
Chemical Energy
- stored energy is the potential that exists as a result of the bond that holds molecules together
- it is utilized (changed) through chemical reactions that occur in our cells and tissues
- the utilization of chemical energy may result in the creation of a new molecule (chemical), or it may be converted into a different form of energy such as heat
- energy cannot be created or destroyed, it simply changes form
ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) the chemical energy used by our cells
