Quiz 3 CELLS

Question 1

CELL

Answer 1

the smallest unit of life (millions in the body)

Question 2

PROTEINS in a cell

Answer 2

• enzymes, (catalyst for a chemical reaction)
• movement (contraction, transportation, etc.)
• codes of DNA

Question 3

CARBOHYDRATES in a cell

Answer 3

• energy source

- structure, Identification Marker

Question 4

LIPIDS in a cell

Answer 4

• make up a large part of the membrane
• main part of “defining a cell”
• • “as soon as you mess with with the defining border, the cell dies”

Question 5

Plasma Membrane

Answer 5

boundary between the cell and its environment, regulates what enters and exits the cell
made up of heads and tails (within the two heads)

heads: hydrophilic
tails: hydrophobic

Question 6

Cytosol

Answer 6

• is the part of the cytoplasm that is not held by any of the organelles in the cell. On the other hand, cytoplasm is the part of the cell which is contained within the entire cell membrane^^

Question 7

Nucleus

Answer 7

• contains DNA and genes
• (the DNA contains the information necessary for constructing the cell and directing the multitude of synthesis tasks performed by the cell in life and reproduction)^^
• coding allows the cells “to build” and “to do”
• most of the cells in your body are going to have your entire genetic code

Question 8

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 8

• a network of tubular membranes within the cytoplasm of the cell, occurring either with a smooth surface (no ribosomes; creation and STORAGE of lipids and steroids) or studded (with ribosomes; synthesis and packaging of proteins)^^
• communication network linking membranes

Question 9

Golgi Apparatis

Answer 9

• rearrange/modify proteins
  
  • part of breaking down a larger molecule
  • makes it more transportable through the membrane

Question 10

Mitochondria

Answer 10

“powerhouse”; where ATP is built/put together

Question 11

Cytoskeleton

Answer 11

• responsible for cell shape, motility (movement) of the cell as a whole, and motility of organelles within a cell^^
• movement and stability

Question 12

Ribosomes

Answer 12

part of endoplasmic reticulum; building blocks of proteins (amino acids)

Question 13

Cilia

Answer 13

single hair-like projections (respiratory tract, female reproductive tract); MOVEMENT

Question 14

Flagella

Answer 14

one single projection (sperm cell); MOTILITY

Question 15

Plasma Membrane Folds

Answer 15

vili and microvilli increase surface area for more absorption, more efficient absorption

Question 16

MEMBRANE TRANSPORT

Passive

Answer 16

• requires no energy
  
  • simple diffusion
  • facilitated diffusion
  • osmosis
  • filtration

Question 17

MEMBRANE TRANSPORT

Active

Answer 17

• requires energy
  
  • active transport
  • endocytosis
  • exocytosis

Question 18

Simple Diffusion

Answer 18

movement of matter from area of high concentration to low

Question 19

Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 19

diffusion across a membrane involving a carrier or channel

Question 20

Osmosis

Answer 20

diffusion of a solvent across a semi-permeable membrane

Question 21

Filtration

Answer 21

separation by the movement of matter through pores that discriminate based on their size

Question 22

Active Transport

Answer 22

movement of matter from area of low concentration to high

Question 23

Endocytosis

Answer 23

engulfing a large substance that doesn’t fit through a pore and cannot diffuse freely because of its polar nature

Question 24

Exocytosis

Answer 24

expelling intracellular ‘stuff’ into the membrane or interstitial space

Question 25

Membrane Potential

Answer 25

- ion concentrations on either side of the plasma membrane create a difference in charge between the inside and outside of a cell providing a source of energy - the movement of ions occurs through membrane transporters, channels, and pumps - constant ion fluctuations are triggered by CHEMICAL CHANGES, PRESSURE CHANGES, and ELECTRICAL STIMULI detected at the cell surface

Question 26

Genome

Answer 26

refers to the total genes of an organism; genes are codes for structures or function - the entirety of the human genome is contained within 46 (23 pairs) chromosomes-each chromosome coding for between 350 to 4,000 genes

Question 27

Chromosome

Answer 27

single strand of DNA (each DNA strand contains b/w 45-245 million nucleotides (base pairs), segments of which are referred to as genes) 3 nucleotides code for 1 amino acid and as such our DNA/genes are codes for building proteins

Question 28

Genes code for:

Answer 28

- Regulatory Proteins: "enzymes?", allowing or inhibiting muscle contraction^^ - Structural Proteins: 5%, stability and elasticity of myofibrils e.g. "titin" serves to help a stretched or contracted muscle return to its relaxed length^^

Question 29

Regulation of Gene Expression

Answer 29

includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA)^^ - essential for viruses, prokaryotes and eukaryotes as it increases the versatility and adaptability of an organism by allowing the cell to express protein when needed^^

Question 30

Protein Synthesis

Answer 30

the process by which amino acids are linearly arranged into proteins through the involvement of ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA, messenger RNA, and various enzymes^^

Question 31

Mitosis

Answer 31

- is a part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus^^ -- 2 cells each within the same DNA (somatic cells) - result: two equal looking cells

Question 32

Meiosis

Answer 32

a process in which a parent cell divides to produce cells with half the genetic material of the parent 2 gamete cells (sperm and eggs)