Quiz 7 Flashcards
Case Study
An in-depth exploration of one person, one event, or one program to understand/illustrate an outcome, a procedure, or how something changed over time.
Example:
What are the effects of establishing a telemedicine center, which would provide virtual appointments w/ a physician for individuals living in the remote county of oakwood whose closest health care provider is 100 miles away?
Focused Ethnography
Understand the culture of a group related to a specific health issue.
- Norms, values, and beliefs
- Verbal, nonverbal, and symbolic language
- Day to day behaviors
Example:
What are the perceptions of chronic pain and health-seeking behaviors for chronic pain in individuals working as day laborers on the eastern end of long island?
Phenomenological
Understand the meaning of an event through understanding a group of people’s shared thoughts, feelings, and experiences as the result of living through that experience.
Example:
What are the experiences of women currently receiving prenatal care whose previous pregnancy resulted in a stillbirth?
Grounded Theory
To develop a theory or conceptual model that explains real-life processes, actions, or interactions between individuals.
Example: What is the theory that explains the decision-making processes for women aged 18 to 45 who select surgical interventions subsequent to the discovery they have BRCA and BRCA2 genetic mutations?
Case Study Design
A case study is a research approach that is used to generate an in-depth, multi-faceted understanding of a complex issue in its real-life context. Has the power to "answer 'how' and 'why' type questions, while taking into consideration how a phenomenon is influenced by the context within which it is situated. 3 types of case studies: -Intrinsic -Instrumental -Collective
Case Study Design: Intrinsic
Intrinsic case studies explore a unique occurrence of a real life situation; the focus in this type of research is on exploring and explaining the uniqueness of the case.
Case Study Design: Instrumental
Instrumental case study research selects a single case from a group of cases that when explored will help develop a better understanding of the real-life issue.
Case Study Design: Collective
Collective case studies are similar to the purpose of the instrumental case study (to develop an understanding of the case); however, the difference is that in the collective case study, several similar cases are combined. This allows the researcher to develop an even more in-depth understanding of the issue beyond what is possible by exploring a single instrumental case.
Specific features of case study design
- Sample size is 1 (ex: a single person, 1 program, 1 policy, 1 group of similar cases)
- Multiple types of data collected (triangulation-interviews, observations, documents) sometimes can include quantitative data but does not make it mixed methods.
- Examples of theories that have been used in health science case study research include, “theoretical lens of health promotion”, “Galtung’s theory of violence”, “Chronic illness trajectory model”
* When theory is applied to the exploration of a particular case, it helps broaden the applicability of the findings (transferability) to other settings - Using a theoretical underpinning is very important to help broaden applicability and transferability of findings.
- Triangulation of qualitative data
Focused Ethnography Design
The goal is to understand the day-to-day aspects of a culture. It important to take extra precautions to ensure that their own biases and cultural beliefs do not taint the data collection and analysis. Utilized in health science research to study a specific health related belief/issue/practice within a culture sharing group.
Specific features of a focused ethnographic design
- The focus is on understanding a specific health related issue within the culture group versus understanding every aspect of the groups culture.
- Takes weeks to months to conduct
- GATEKEEPER: used to gain entrance into the group, will guide the researcher and make an introduction to the group.
- KEY INFORMANT: Someone that has special knowledge of the group or a special relationship with the group. Helps the researcher control bias in the study
- Triangulation of data: the triangulation of data is vitally important; it is used to verify the information the key informant shares. Also, by combining varying sources of evidence, the data yields credible findings
- Significant data collection takes place in the field. Field notes should include detailed descriptions of the location (can include sketches of interaction patterns) and the researcher’s reflections about the environment.
Phenomenological Design
Goal is to develop an understanding of an event, life situation, or experience through the study of people who have lived through the event/situation/experience.
- Also known as “Lived Experiences”
- focused on collecting data from first person experiences
Specific features of Phenomenological Design
- Heavily reliant upon interviews (5 to 25 ppl)
- Member checking is used to ensure the participants voices/experiences are expressed in data analysis
- Reflective Bracketing: involves the researcher intentionally putting aside their own knowledge, experiences, and feelings to allow only the participants’ experiences and interpretation to guide the research process.
- Low Inference Data: Direct quotes from participant interviews
- Sampling includes: either purposive, snowball, or convenience
Grounded Theory Design
The researcher would select this design when the researchers goal is to develop a theory about a “process, action, or interaction, shaped by the views of participants”.
- The outcome of this research is a practical theory or conceptual framework about a real world situation.
- The theory/framework is created by exploring the real-life experiences, views, and actions of the participants.
Specific Features of Grounded Theory Designs
- little peer reviewed literature on the topic
- Uses a large sample size (20-50 ppl)
- Sampling method often involves theoretical sampling methods as opposed to purposive sampling. The process of theoretical sampling is the interplay between collecting, coding, and analysing data in order ti determine which participant should be sampled next. Allow researcher to select participants over the course of the study based on what data is needed to build the theory.
* Researchers audit trail will be strengthened by having a theoretical sampling guide for each category or component of the theory. - Grounded Theory research involves multiple iterations of analysis
- Open coding (fragmented and analyzed for commonalities)
- Axial coding (patterns, interconnections emerge)
- Selective coding (overall picture of the data)
Goal goes beyond the description of the phenomena to the development of a theory or model, designed to better explain the process and actions, which could lead to improved methods in healthcare delivery.
-
