Chapter 1 Flashcards
Allied Health Professionals
Non-nurse and non-physician health care providers that constitute over 60% of the health care work force.
-There are over 200 allied health careers (i.e health administration personnel, audiologists, PT, etc)
Scientific Principles
Is a global term used to describe the utilization of scientific procedures; this term is closely related to the concept of the Scientific Method
Scientific Method
Principles and procedures for the systematic pursuit of knowledge involving the recognition and formulation of a problem, the collection of data through observation and experiment, and the formulation and testing of hypothesis.
Evidence based medicine (EBM)
The highest level of care a physician can provide patients. Systematic Research
Evidence Based Practice (EBP)
Evolved from EBM. Includes a wider scope of health care professionals and includes patients as partners in health care delivery. Research evidence.
Health Science
Any healthcare field where professionals use the scientific method, research results, and EBM/EBP in the delivery of health care services.
Research
A systematic investigation, including research development, testing and evaluation, designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge.
- A systematic process designed to new generate knowledge.
- Research is iterative
OHRP
The office of human research protections
Human Subjects
Also known as research participants or just participants. A living individual about whom an investigator (whether professional or student)conducting research obtains:
- data through intervention or interaction with the individual
- identifiable private info
When a researcher has an idea for research they must ask themselves if this idea is systematically defined, does it have the potential to generate new knowledge?
They answer this question by reviewing the scientific literature; this process is called conducting a systematic review of the lit.
Systematic Investigation
Includes utilizing approved and predefined sets of procedures, also referred to as design and methods, to conduct a research study. Methods include: 1. Sampling 2.Data Collection 3.Data Analysis
Design of the study
The framework or roadmap of how the study will be conducted; this framework includes the procedures (methods) used to conduct the study
Research is described as a 5 stage process
- Conceptual (thinking)
- Design (planning)
- Empirical (doing)
- Analytic (analyzing)
- Dissemination (Sharing)
Conceptual (Thinking)
Having an idea (research problem), systematically reviewing the literature to verify the problem has the potential to generate new knowledge, writing a problem statement, a research purpose statement, and research question(s)
Design (Planning)
Selecting the best research design and research methods (sampling, data collection, data analysis) that align with research question(s), submitting the research study proposal for IRB review
Empirical (Doing)
Obtaining IRB approval to conduct the study, recruiting/selecting the sample, obtaining informed consent from participants, collecting the data
Analytic (Analyzing)
Utilizing the best analysis strategies to yield meaningful results from data (answering the research questions and simultaneously uncovering new avenues of inquiry)
Dissemination (Sharing)
Writing a journal article to share results/finding (new knowledge) with the scientific community
Sampling
the way a researcher selects study participants
Data Colection
types of data and how it is collected
Data Analysis
how the data is looked at.
Scientific Merit
The combo of the terms research and systematic investigation.
- Proposed research meets the definition of research
- Must be conducted by a qualified researcher
- Study builds on prior research
- Is a systematic investigation that once the study has been concluded, new knowledge will be generated.
- All studies are judged for scientific merit.
- Must have problem statement, purpose statement, research questions, and design and methods
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
Primary purpose is to ensure that the human subjects are being treated ethically.
-Reviews study’s scientific merit
Basic Research
Seeks to enhance overall knowledge about the “physical, biological, psychological, or social world or to shed light on historical, cultural, or aestehtic phenomena. goal is to generate new knowledge to increase understanding
Applied/Clinical Research
Applied research is the type of research that seeks to study issues that have “immediate relevance to current practices, procedures, and policies”
-Clinical research is applied research conducted in the health care arena with the primary focus of finding practical solutions to improve patient care/clinical outcomes.
the only distinction between the two is the setting.
goal is to generate new knowledge that will change policy, procedures, and practices
4 Purposes of research
- Exploratory
- Descriptive
- Evaluative
- Explanatory
Exploratory
explore or investigate to determine the scope of an issue or to understand a problem that has not be clearly defined.
Descriptive
describe the problem. The who, what, where, and when, how many?
Evaluative
how well is this working?
Explanatory
determine a cause and effect relationship.
How does one choose the correct research type, purpose, research design, and methods?
Through the exploration of a researchers philosophical thought processes
Paradigm
Paradigm is the researcher’s beliefs about truth, knowledge, and the correct actions to undertake in the pursuit of new knowledge.
Knowing which paradigm a researcher is working under will yield which research methodology the researcher will select
4 Paradigms
Positivism
Post-Positivism
Constructivism
Pragmatism
Positivism
- cause and effect relationships exist, the researcher must control for variables, and research can be free from bias and values.
- absolutely proves cause and effect relationship
- very similar to post positivism in that both use quantitative methodology
Post Positivism
- truth exists in natural scientific laws, but it might not be possible to control for every variable. While it’s important to control for bias, total elimination might not be possible.
- finds statistical proof of a cause-and-effect relationship
- hesitate to say that they have absolutely, undeniably proved something
- open to retesting an revision
- governs most health science quantitative research
Constructivism
- there is no one truth rooted in natural laws; rather truth is fluid and rooted in societal constructs and researcher works directly with participants to explore meaning.
- explores different perspectives to find meaning about the human experience
- does not need to find one truth but the whole truth gleaned from participants experiences
- value inductive explorations
- Qualitative
Pragmatism
- truth is the result of both natural laws of nature and peoples’ subjective realities.
- combines both ways of searching for truth to yield a greater understanding of the issue
- Mixed methods (both qualitative and quantitative)
- combining methods of data collection and analysis to generate deeper and broader insights, to develop important knowledge claims of a wider range of interest and perspectives
- allows flexibility to select designs, techniques, procedures, and data collection that provide results (mixed methods)
- subjective and objective
- focus on what works
Quantitative Methodology
Quantitative research involves the collection, analysis, and interpretation of numerical data to explain, predict and/or control phenomenon of interest.
Qualitative Methodology
Qualitative research involves the collection, analysis, and interpretation of narrative and visual data in order to gain insights into a particular phenomenon of interest.
Mixed Methods
Uses both quantitative and qualitative methodologies.
Deductive reasoning
- Works from the more general to the more specific.
- Hypothesis testing – theory, test theory, results support/refute theory.
- Quantitative researchers also use deductive reasoning by employing the scientific method
- ruling out diagnoses by testing
Inductive Reasoning
- Qualitative researchers use this but can also be applied to quan.
- Inductive reasoning = few observations builds general understanding of an issue
- Findings from these observations are not tested simply offered as an explanation of what is occurring or why something is occurring
- apply the finding from a few observations to build a general understanding to a larger population
- common when there is a lack of preexisting theory
- observations are not tested, they are offered as an explanation of what is occurring or why
- used when scientific method is impossible or unethical
- qualitative
Generalizable results
- a comment on to what extent the study results are likely to apply in other study settings
- only relevant to quantitative research
- not all quantitative research studies achieve generalizable results, meaning the results of the study might only be applied to one group and might not be valid for other groups or study settings.
