Quiz 7 Flashcards
The…. are the chief regulators of the internal environment of the body. They achieve this homeostasis by………. in the various body fluids.
-Kidneys
-regulating the pH and concentration of ions and water
the kidneys also provide the
elimination of the waste products of metabolism.
The one million …… in the kidneys contain two main structures:
-nephrons
-the
renal corpuscle and the renal tubule
As blood passes through the kidneys, it is first filtered through a …… in the renal corpuscle called the …… (at a rate of …..).
-tuft of capillaries
-glomerulus
-120 ml/min
Then, the filtrate passes into the renal tubule, which is made up of three major parts:
the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), the nephron loop (Loop of Henle), and the distal convoluted tubule (DCT).
On average, our kidneys filter our entire blood volume through the nephrons approximately once every …….
30 minutes
The tubular… is similar to blood plasma in composition except that large molecules over ….are excluded (e.g., ….).
-filtrate
-70,000 MW
-plasma proteins
…… such as salt, are retained in the filtrate and are finally excreted in the urine (approximately ….).
-Toxic by-products of metabolism and excess substances,
-1 ml of urine formed per minute
Thus, the final composition of urine is quite different from that of the glomerular filtrate and …..
reflects the integrity of kidney function and changes in blood composition
An analysis of urine
urinalysis
For example, individuals with ……are genetically unable to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine.
phenylketonuria (PKU)
If accumulated in the body, phenylalanine, commonly found in food and beverage products, is converted into ……. which appears in the urine.
phenylpyruvic acid
An accumulation of phenylalanine in individuals with PKU can result in …..
developmental delays, seizures, and intellectual impairments.
Individuals with …..(commonly referred to simply as diabetes), have either an imbalance or a deficit in the amount of insulin produced by the pancreas
diabetes mellitus
When the sugars in the blood cannot be used as cellular fuel, the body will utilize fat as an energy source, leading to an increase in fatty acid metabolites called ….
ketones
This increase in ketones will cause blood pH to ….
decrease
The presence of both …………can be indicative of diabetes mellitus.
glucose and ketones in the urine combined with a low urine pH
…… is a combined test of urinary pH, protein, glucose, ketones, and occult blood.
the Labstix Test
Urinary pH is usually slightly acidic
around a pH of 6
but the pH of urine may be more ……with a …….
-acidic
- diet rich in proteins or can result from respiratory disorders, dehydration, or starvation.
………, on the other hand, can result from a …..
-Alkaline urine
-diet rich in citrus fruits and dairy, vomiting, urinary tract infections, or cystitis,
urine decomposes in the bladder with the production of ammonia.
cystitis
The presence of protein in the urine (………….) is a sign that the “filters,” or glomeruli, of the kidney’s nephrons are damaged, allowing blood proteins to enter the filtrate.
proteinuria or albuminuria
High glucose levels in urine
glycosuria
Increased levels of glucose in the urine are commonly indicative of …..
diabetes mellitus
Abnormally large amounts of ketone excretion
ketonuria
Abnormally large amounts of ketone excretion (ketonuria) suggest that the body is using fat as an energy source as opposed to glucose and can indicate ………
either diabetes mellitus or starvation.
blood not visible to the naked eye,
Occult blood
Blood present in the urine can indicate that an individual has a
urinary tract infection, kidney stones, or cancerous cells.
a disease in which the glomeruli are damaged and plasma proteins and erythrocytes leak into the nephrons
nephritis
For example, individuals with nephritis will have…..
blood present in their urine as well as high levels of protein (see proteinuria).
One of the kidney’s main functions is to ……… at around …….. to ensure the cells, particularly those in the brain, do not shrink or swell.
-regulate the osmolarity of the body fluids
-300 milliosmoles per liter
For instance, if an individual is ……. they will produce a small amount of highly concentrated urine.
dehydrated
If an individual is ………, they will produce a large amount of minimally concentrated (dilute) urine.
overhydrated
The ratio of the density of a substance compared to the density of distilled water.
specific gravity
The urinometer is calibrated to give a correct reading only if the urine is at ….
15C
If your urine is at a different temperature, you will need to correct the specific gravity value by …..
adding 0.001 for every 3C above, or by subtracting 0.001 for every 3C below the calibration temperature (15C).
The normal range of urine specific gravity is ….
1.0015 to 1.035
he specific gravity of distilled water (water with no present solutes) is
1.000
a low specific gravity reading is found in individuals with ……….
chronic nephritis (slow, onset kidney disease),
high specific gravity is observed in …..
acute nephritis (sudden, onset kidney disease).
The process of titrating silver nitrate to analyze the presence of chloride ions in a substance using potassium chromate as an indicator.
Mohr Method (NaCl Concentration)
Morh method
Add ONLY one drop of ……. to the test tube. Swirl the tube gently.
20% potassium chromate
mohr method
Add ……solution drop by drop to the test tube, swirling the mixture continuously while the silver nitrate is being added.
2.9% silver nitrate
Each drop of 2.9% silver nitrate added to produce the reddish-brown colored solution represents ….. present in the urine.
1 g/liter of NaCl
Examples of Urinometer Temperature Calibrations
temperature:
12C:
18C:
21C:
12C: -0.001
18C: +0.001
21C: + 0.002
Labstix test
**Characteristic **
1. pH
2. Protein
3. Glucose
4. Ketones
5. Occult Blood
- pH :⁓ 6 (can range from 4.5 – 8.0)
- Protein : none or trace
- Glucose : none
- Ketones : none
- Occult Blood: none
