Quiz 7 Flashcards
The…. are the chief regulators of the internal environment of the body. They achieve this homeostasis by………. in the various body fluids.
-Kidneys
-regulating the pH and concentration of ions and water
the kidneys also provide the
elimination of the waste products of metabolism.
The one million …… in the kidneys contain two main structures:
-nephrons
-the
renal corpuscle and the renal tubule
As blood passes through the kidneys, it is first filtered through a …… in the renal corpuscle called the …… (at a rate of …..).
-tuft of capillaries
-glomerulus
-120 ml/min
Then, the filtrate passes into the renal tubule, which is made up of three major parts:
the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), the nephron loop (Loop of Henle), and the distal convoluted tubule (DCT).
On average, our kidneys filter our entire blood volume through the nephrons approximately once every …….
30 minutes
The tubular… is similar to blood plasma in composition except that large molecules over ….are excluded (e.g., ….).
-filtrate
-70,000 MW
-plasma proteins
…… such as salt, are retained in the filtrate and are finally excreted in the urine (approximately ….).
-Toxic by-products of metabolism and excess substances,
-1 ml of urine formed per minute
Thus, the final composition of urine is quite different from that of the glomerular filtrate and …..
reflects the integrity of kidney function and changes in blood composition
An analysis of urine
urinalysis
For example, individuals with ……are genetically unable to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine.
phenylketonuria (PKU)
If accumulated in the body, phenylalanine, commonly found in food and beverage products, is converted into ……. which appears in the urine.
phenylpyruvic acid
An accumulation of phenylalanine in individuals with PKU can result in …..
developmental delays, seizures, and intellectual impairments.
Individuals with …..(commonly referred to simply as diabetes), have either an imbalance or a deficit in the amount of insulin produced by the pancreas
diabetes mellitus
When the sugars in the blood cannot be used as cellular fuel, the body will utilize fat as an energy source, leading to an increase in fatty acid metabolites called ….
ketones
This increase in ketones will cause blood pH to ….
decrease
The presence of both …………can be indicative of diabetes mellitus.
glucose and ketones in the urine combined with a low urine pH
…… is a combined test of urinary pH, protein, glucose, ketones, and occult blood.
the Labstix Test