Quiz 3 (cardiovascular physiology and auscultation of Heart sounds)

Question 1

….. of the heart means “to listen to” and study the various sounds arising from the heart duirng its pumping activity

Answer 1

Auscultation

Question 2

heart sounds may be heard by placing your ear on the chest or by using a…

Answer 2

stethoscope

Question 3

the vibrations producing the sounds can be visually displayed through the use of a heart sound microphone and physiological recorder to produce a

Answer 3

Phonocardiogram

Question 4

• produced at the beginning of systole when the atrioventricular (A-V) valves
  close and the semilunar (S-L) valves open. This has a lower pitched tone commonly termed
  the “lub” sound of the heartbeat.

Answer 4

1st heart sound

Question 5

occurs during the end of systole and is produced by the closure of the S-L
valves, the opening of the A-V valves, and the resulting vibrations in the arteries and
ventricles. Due to the higher blood pressures in the arteries the sound produced is higher
pitched. It is commonly referred to as the “dub” sound

Answer 5

2nd heart sound

Question 6

occurs during the rapid filling of the ventricles after the A-V valves open
and is probably produced by vibrations of the ventricular walls.

Answer 6

3rd heart sound

Question 7

occurs at the time of atrial contraction and is probably due to the
accelerated rush of blood into the ventricles.

Answer 7

4th Heart sound

Question 8

the pressure exerted by the blood against
the vessel walls, the arterial blood pressure being the most frequently measured pressure and the most
useful

Answer 8

blood pressure

Question 9

: the highest pressure in the artery–produced during the heart’s
contraction (systolic) phase. Normal for a 20-year-old male is 120mm Hg.

Answer 9

Systolic Blood Pressure:

Question 10

the lowest pressure in the artery–produced during the heart’s
relaxation (diastolic) phase. Normal for a 20-year-old male is 80mm Hg

Answer 10

Diastolic Blood Pressure:

Question 11

the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures. Normal value is
40mm Hg.

Answer 11

• Pulse Pressure:

Question 12

Diastolic pressure + 1/3 of the pulse pressure. This is the average effective
pressure forcing blood through the circulatory system. Normal value is 96-100mm Hg

Answer 12

Mean Blood Pressure:

Question 13

The mean blood pressure is a function of two factors

Answer 13

cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per unit of time, and total peripheral resistance (TPR):

Question 14

Equation of mean B.P

Answer 14

Mean B.P (mm Hg) = cardiac output (ml/min) x total peripheral resistance (TPR units)

Question 15

Equation of cardiac output

Answer 15

cardiac output (ml/min) = heart rate (beats/min) x stroke volume (ml/beat)

Question 16

Peripheral resistance depends on…

Answer 16

the caliber (diameter) of the blood vessels and the viscosity of the blood.

Question 17

Any factor that increases either the cardiac output or the total peripheral resistance causes….

Answer 17

an almost
immediate reflex rise in blood pressure

Question 18

the force of
contraction of the heart

Answer 18

systolic B.P.

Question 19

the condition of the systemic blood vessels

Answer 19

diastolic pressure

Question 20

an increase in the diastolic pressure indicates a….

Answer 20

decrease in vessel elasticity

Question 21

a cannula is
inserted into the artery and the direct, head-on pressure of the blood is measured with a transducer or
mercury manometer.

Answer 21

direct method

Question 22

, pressure is applied externally to an artery and the pressure is
determined by listening to arterial sounds (using a stethoscope) below the point where the pressure is
applied.

Answer 22

indirect method

Question 23

the detection of the sounds is termed “auscultation.

Answer 23

auscultatory method

Question 24

in which one simply palpates or feels
the pulse as pressure is applied to the artery.

Answer 24

palpatory method,

Question 25

In either of these indirect methods, pressure is applied to the artery using an instrument called the

Answer 25

sphygmomanometer

Question 26

Human blood pressure is most commonly measured in the ...... of the upper arm.

Answer 26

brachial artery

Question 27

the pressure when the radial pulse first reappears--

Answer 27

systolic blood pressure (the highest pressure in the systemic artery)

Question 28

a stethoscope is used to listen to the changes in sounds from the

Answer 28

brachial artery

Question 29

As the pressure decreases you will be able to hear four phases of sound changes; these were first reported by Korotkoff in 1905 and are called the

Answer 29

Korotkoff sounds:

Question 30

Appearance of a fairly sharp thudding sound which increases in intensity during the next 10mm Hg of pressure drop. The pressure when the sound first appears is the systolic pressure

Answer 30

phase 1

Question 31

The sounds become a softer murmur during the next 10-15 mm Hg drop in pressure.

Answer 31

phase 2

Question 32

The sounds become louder again and have a sharper thudding quality during the next 10-15 mm Hg of pressure drop.

Answer 32

phase 3

Question 33

The sounds suddenly become muffled and reduced in intensity. The pressure at this point is termed the diastolic pressure. This muffled sound continues for another 5 mm Hg pressure drop, after which all sound disappears. The point where the sound ceases completely is called the end diastolic pressure. It is sometimes recorded along with the systolic and diastolic pressures in this manner: 120/80/75.

Answer 33

phase 4

Question 34

usually the systolic pressure is about..... lower than that obtained with the direct method.

Answer 34

3-4 mm

Question 35

TPR equation

Answer 35

TPR= mean blood pressure/ cardiac output

Question 36

TPRest equation

Answer 36

TRPest= [systolic pressure + (2 x diastolic pressure)]/3 / pulse pressure x heart reate

Question 37

In general, an increase in total peripheral resistance results from the......... whereas a decrease in total peripheral resistance results from the........

Answer 37

-vasoconstriction of blood vessels -vasodilation of blood vessels.

Question 38

A normal reflex response to such a cold stimulus is an

Answer 38

increase in blood pressure

Question 39

Venous pressure equation

Answer 39

venous pressure= specific gravity of blood x atrial pressure in mm / specific gravity of Hg

Question 40

which prevent blood from flowing backward in veins where gravity opposes the upward flow of blood.

Answer 40

venous valves

Question 41

slowing of the heart

Answer 41

bradycardia

Question 42

when the face is submerged in cold water, receptors in the.......trigger the trigeminal nerve which tells the body to slow down the heart rate to decrease the body’s oxygen requirement.

Answer 42

nose

Question 43

........ has been well validated and measures a sort of general **endurance;** that is, it does not measure strength, or muscular endurance, or cardiorespiratory endurance in any special way.

Answer 43

The Harvard Step Test

Question 44

index equation

Answer 44

index= duration of exercise in seconds x 100/ 2 x sum of the 3 pulse counts in recovery

Question 45

This test is based on the observation that for the same number of steps, a less fit person will have a relatively higher pulse rate during the two-minute period of recovery immediately after exercise.

Answer 45

The tuttle pulse ratio test

Question 46

defined as the total number of pulse beats counted for one minute.

Answer 46

tuttle's pulse ratio

Question 47

useful in the detection of pathological hearts and heart abnormalities.

Answer 47

tuttle pulse ratio test

Question 48

The **established norms** for the Tuttle pulse-ratio test are:

Answer 48

boys, ages 10 to 12 years - 33 steps boys, ages 13 to 18 years - 30 steps adult man - 29 steps adult women - 25 steps.

Question 49

S0 eqaution

Answer 49

S0= S1+ (S2-S1)(2.5-r1)/ r2-r1 S1 = The number of steps used in the first test S2 = The number of steps used in the second test S0 = The number of steps required to obtain a 2.5 ratio r1 = The pulse ratio for S1 r2 = The pulse ratio for S2

Question 50

primordial oxygen-conserving reflex by which the heart rate of air-breathing vertebrates, including humans, slows down in response to water immersion

Answer 50

diving bradycardia

Question 51

what are the four major ascualtation areas?

Answer 51

1. aortic area 2. tricuspid area 3. pulmonary area 4. mitral area

Question 52

the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per unit of time

Answer 52

cardiac output

Question 53

this test is used to demonstrate the effect of a sensory stimulus on blood pressure

Answer 53

The cold pressor test