Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy Lab spring semester > quiz 4 and 5 > Flashcards

quiz 4 and 5 Flashcards

1
Q

The total amount of air one’s lungs can possibly hold can be subdivided into …

A

four volumes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the amount of air inspired or expired during normal, quiet respiration.

A

Tidal volume (TV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the amount of air which can be forcefully inspired above and beyond that taken in during a normal inspiration.

A

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the maximal amount of air which can be forcefully expired following a normal expiration.

A

Expiratory Reserve volume (ERV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

the amount of air which remains trapped in the lungs after a maximal expiratory effort.

A

Residual volume (RV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

combinations of two or more volumes:

A

four capacities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

he total amount of air the lungs can contain–the sum of all four volumes.

A

total lung capacity (TLC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑢𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑇𝐿𝐶) equation:

A

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑢𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑇𝐿𝐶) = 𝑇𝑉 + 𝐼𝑅𝑉 + 𝐸𝑅𝑉 + 𝑅𝑉

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

the maximal amount of air that can be forcefully expired after a maximum inspiration.

A

Vital capacity (VC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

𝑉𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑉𝐶) equation

A

𝑉𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑉𝐶) = 𝑇𝑉 + 𝐼𝑅𝑉 + 𝐸𝑅𝑉

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration.

A

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC):

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝐹𝑅𝐶) equation

A

𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝐹𝑅𝐶) = 𝑅𝑉 + 𝐸𝑅𝑉

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the maximal amount of air which can be inspired after a normal expiration.

A

Inspiratory Capacity (IC):

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝐼𝐶) equation

A

𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝐼𝐶) = 𝑇𝑉 + 𝐼𝑅𝑉

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pulmonary function tests, such as….. are most useful for evaluating changes in respiratory functions.

A

spirometry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

While spirometry cannot be used to make specific diagnoses, it can distinguish between……

A

restrictive diseases and obstructive pulmonary diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

affect the lungs capacity to expand,

A

restrictive diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

cause the lungs to hyperinflate due to an increase in airway restriction.

A

obstructive pulmonary disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

he respiratory volumes can be measured with a simple instrument called…

A

spirometer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

tells us the total amount of gas that flows into or out of the respiratory tract in 1 minute.

A

𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 equation

A

𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (𝐿⁄𝑚𝑖𝑛) = 𝑇𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (𝑚𝐿) × 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 (𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡h𝑠⁄𝑚𝑖𝑛)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

to predict the vital capacity
(gaphical calculting device)

A

nomogram

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

often a better index of respiratory reserve than is the traditional vital capacity measurement.

A

The Heymer Test of Respiratory Reserve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

individuals who have left-sided heart disease are found to have a …..

A

decreased vital capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

We also see…. in individuals with paralytic polio.

A

decreased vital capacities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

is a virus that infects an individual’s spinal cord and causes paralysis. Paralysis of the respiratory muscles affects the individual’s ability to breathe on their own, which resulted in the development of the Iron Lung in the early 1900s.

A

Poliomyelitis, or Polio,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The breath-holding time gives an indication of an….

A

individual’s functional respiratory reserve and efficiency of their respiratory system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Normal Values for the Heymer Test of Respiratory Reserve
Men:
Women:

A

Men: 50-70 seconds
Women: 50-60 seconds

29
Q

Because of their importance, the concentration of O2 and CO2 in the lungs and blood is finely regulated by variety of……..which serve to control our respiration patterns.

A

receptors, reflexes, and feedback processes

30
Q

Tidal volume can be measured by exhaling through a tube connected to a

A

dry gas meter

31
Q

The dry gas meter measures the…… (similar to the natural gas meter in your home) and keeps a cumulative total.

A

volume of gas that passes through it

32
Q

One can calculate tidal volume using a dry gas meter by….

A

air exhaled/number of breaths

33
Q

1.

Metabolic rate

A

-the rate at which the body uses energy
- determined by: (% O2 in inhaled air - % O2 in exhaled air)(volume of air breathed)

33
Q

Thus, the rate of oxygen consumption (VO2) is equal to

A

ventilation and perfusion

33
Q

An individual can increase ventilation by…..,

A

increasing their respiratory rate and tidal volume

34
Q

while perfusion can be increased by

A

increasing their heart rate.

35
Q

In the respiratory system, the flow of air is called the…… whereas in the circulatory system the flow of blood is the….

A

minute volume (Vm)
cardiac output (CO).

36
Q

these are the concentrations of oxygen in the inspired air (CO2i) and the exhaled air (CO2e).

A

In the respiratory system

37
Q

VO2 equation:

A

Vo2= (Vm)(Coi-Co2e) = (CO)(CO2a-Co2v)
VO2= (Vm)(Co2i-Co2e)
VO2= minute volume x (concentration of oxygen in the inspired air- concentration of oxygen in the exhaled air)

38
Q

In most resting people, arterial blood is …..saturated with oxygen, but mixed venous blood is usually only…. saturated.

A

100%
60%

39
Q

each gram of hemoglobin can bind with

A

1.34 ml of O2.

40
Q

Co2a equation

A

𝐶o2a = 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐻𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑔𝑙𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑔 𝐻𝑏⁄100 𝑚𝐿 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑑) × 1.34 𝑚𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑂2/g 𝐻𝑏

41
Q

Co2V

A

Co2v=0.6(CO2a)

42
Q

CO

A

CO=Vo2/(Co2a-Co2v)

43
Q

SV equation

A

SV= CO/HR

44
Q

During exercise, the oxygen content of venous blood…. the amount being dependent on the magnitude of the exercise.

A

falls or decrease

45
Q

Calculate the stroke volume during exercise from the previous stroke volume at rest calculation using the measured changes in pulse pressure (PP).

A

pulse pressure resting/ pulse pressure exercising = stroke volume resting/stroke volume exercising

46
Q

calculate the cardiac output during exercise:

A

COe = SV x HR

47
Q

Assuming arterial blood is 100% saturated during exercise, calculate the oxygen content of venous blood during exercise

A

Vo2= (CO)(Co2a-Co2v)

48
Q

The increase or decrease in the rhythm and rate of respiration is controlled by

A

neural centers located in the medulla and pons.

49
Q

carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system.

A

If the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood decreases, there is a decrease in the concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood causing an increase in the blood’s pH (more alkaline) until more carbon dioxide enters the blood cells to form carbonic acid. This mechanism is known as the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system.

50
Q

If we …….the rate and depth of respiration (rapid, deep breathing), carbon dioxide quickly becomes flushed out of the body as we are eliminating a larger concentration of carbon dioxide at a faster rate. Thus, a reduction in carbon dioxide levels due to rapid, deep breathing leads to a decrease in carbonic acid levels causing the blood’s pH to

A

increase
increase

51
Q

If we ……the rate and depth of respiration (slow, shallow breathing), carbon dioxide will accumulate in the blood as a smaller concentration of carbon dioxide is being eliminated at a slower rate.This accumulation of carbon dioxide will cause carbonic acid levels in the blood to increase, thus …. blood pH

A

decrease
decrease

52
Q

Due to the decrease in the frequency of inspirations, the respiratory rate while speaking

A

decreases

53
Q

The increased acidity of the blood will stimulate …… that will communicate with the neural receptors in the brain.

A

chemoreceptors

54
Q

Once the individual exhales, they will immediately ……. and …….. to replenish the oxygen levels in their body.

A

inhale deeply (↑ TV)
breathe faster (↑ RR)

55
Q
A
56
Q

When concentrating on a task, such as completing math problems or threading a needle, individuals find they often hold their breath resulting in a ….. in their overall respiratory rate.

A

decrease

57
Q

To compensate for the decrease in respiration, tidal volume and respiratory rate will ……. until the blood’s pH stabilizes.

A

increase

58
Q

occurs when an individual takes rapid and deep breaths that exceeds the body’s need to eliminate carbon dioxide.

A

hyperventilation

59
Q

When the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood becomes too low, the brain will force the body to ….the respiratory rate and …..the tidal volume (slow, shallow breaths).

A

decrease
decrease

60
Q

cessation of breathing

A

apnea

61
Q

are commonly heard of respiratory disorders that affect an individual’s ability to breathe normally.

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) and asthma

62
Q

COPDs, like emphysema or chronic bronchitis, …… decrease an individual’s ability to force air out of the lungs.

A

irreversibly

63
Q

While classified as an obstructive disorder, asthma is considered ….. as there are symptom-free periods that follow each episode.

A

reversible

64
Q

KNOW CHART 1st page

A
65
Q

the rate at which you obtain oxygen from the environment across the respiratory exchange surface of the lungs

A

ventilation

66
Q

the rate at which oxygen is extracted from the blood going through the capillaries of the metabolizing cells

A

perfusion

67
Q

these are the concentrations of oxygen in the systemic arterial blood (CO2a) and systemic venous blood (CO2v).

A

In the circulatory system

Anatomy Lab spring semester (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions