quiz 4 and 5 Flashcards
The total amount of air oneβs lungs can possibly hold can be subdivided into β¦
four volumes
the amount of air inspired or expired during normal, quiet respiration.
Tidal volume (TV)
the amount of air which can be forcefully inspired above and beyond that taken in during a normal inspiration.
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
the maximal amount of air which can be forcefully expired following a normal expiration.
Expiratory Reserve volume (ERV)
the amount of air which remains trapped in the lungs after a maximal expiratory effort.
Residual volume (RV)
combinations of two or more volumes:
four capacities
he total amount of air the lungs can containβthe sum of all four volumes.
total lung capacity (TLC)
πππ‘ππ πΏπ’ππ πΆππππππ‘π¦ (ππΏπΆ) equation:
πππ‘ππ πΏπ’ππ πΆππππππ‘π¦ (ππΏπΆ) = ππ + πΌπ π + πΈπ π + π π
the maximal amount of air that can be forcefully expired after a maximum inspiration.
Vital capacity (VC)
πππ‘ππ πΆππππππ‘π¦ (ππΆ) equation
πππ‘ππ πΆππππππ‘π¦ (ππΆ) = ππ + πΌπ π + πΈπ π
the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration.
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC):
πΉπ’πππ‘πππππ π ππ πππ’ππ πΆππππππ‘π¦ (πΉπ πΆ) equation
πΉπ’πππ‘πππππ π ππ πππ’ππ πΆππππππ‘π¦ (πΉπ πΆ) = π π + πΈπ π
the maximal amount of air which can be inspired after a normal expiration.
Inspiratory Capacity (IC):
πΌππ πππππ‘πππ¦ πΆππππππ‘π¦ (πΌπΆ) equation
πΌππ πππππ‘πππ¦ πΆππππππ‘π¦ (πΌπΆ) = ππ + πΌπ π
Pulmonary function tests, such asβ¦.. are most useful for evaluating changes in respiratory functions.
spirometry
While spirometry cannot be used to make specific diagnoses, it can distinguish betweenβ¦β¦
restrictive diseases and obstructive pulmonary diseases
affect the lungs capacity to expand,
restrictive diseases
cause the lungs to hyperinflate due to an increase in airway restriction.
obstructive pulmonary disease
he respiratory volumes can be measured with a simple instrument calledβ¦
spirometer
tells us the total amount of gas that flows into or out of the respiratory tract in 1 minute.
π ππ πππππ‘πππ¦ ππππ’π‘π ππππ’ππ
π ππ πππππ‘πππ¦ ππππ’π‘π ππππ’ππ equation
π ππ πππππ‘πππ¦ ππππ’π‘π ππππ’ππ (πΏβπππ) = πππππ ππππ’ππ (ππΏ) Γ π ππ πππππ‘πππ¦ π ππ‘π (πππππ‘hπ βπππ)
to predict the vital capacity
(gaphical calculting device)
nomogram
often a better index of respiratory reserve than is the traditional vital capacity measurement.
The Heymer Test of Respiratory Reserve
individuals who have left-sided heart disease are found to have a β¦..
decreased vital capacity
We also seeβ¦. in individuals with paralytic polio.
decreased vital capacities
is a virus that infects an individualβs spinal cord and causes paralysis. Paralysis of the respiratory muscles affects the individualβs ability to breathe on their own, which resulted in the development of the Iron Lung in the early 1900s.
Poliomyelitis, or Polio,
The breath-holding time gives an indication of anβ¦.
individualβs functional respiratory reserve and efficiency of their respiratory system.
Normal Values for the Heymer Test of Respiratory Reserve
Men:
Women:
Men: 50-70 seconds
Women: 50-60 seconds
Because of their importance, the concentration of O2 and CO2 in the lungs and blood is finely regulated by variety ofβ¦β¦..which serve to control our respiration patterns.
receptors, reflexes, and feedback processes
Tidal volume can be measured by exhaling through a tube connected to a
dry gas meter
The dry gas meter measures theβ¦β¦ (similar to the natural gas meter in your home) and keeps a cumulative total.
volume of gas that passes through it
One can calculate tidal volume using a dry gas meter byβ¦.
air exhaled/number of breaths
1.
Metabolic rate
-the rate at which the body uses energy
- determined by: (% O2 in inhaled air - % O2 in exhaled air)(volume of air breathed)
Thus, the rate of oxygen consumption (VO2) is equal to
ventilation and perfusion
An individual can increase ventilation byβ¦..,
increasing their respiratory rate and tidal volume
while perfusion can be increased by
increasing their heart rate.
In the respiratory system, the flow of air is called theβ¦β¦ whereas in the circulatory system the flow of blood is theβ¦.
minute volume (Vm)
cardiac output (CO).
these are the concentrations of oxygen in the inspired air (CO2i) and the exhaled air (CO2e).
In the respiratory system
VO2 equation:
Vo2= (Vm)(Coi-Co2e) = (CO)(CO2a-Co2v)
VO2= (Vm)(Co2i-Co2e)
VO2= minute volume x (concentration of oxygen in the inspired air- concentration of oxygen in the exhaled air)
In most resting people, arterial blood is β¦..saturated with oxygen, but mixed venous blood is usually onlyβ¦. saturated.
100%
60%
each gram of hemoglobin can bind with
1.34 ml of O2.
Co2a equation
πΆo2a = π΄π£πππππ π»πππππππππ πΆππππππ‘πππ‘πππ (π π»πβ100 ππΏ πππππ) Γ 1.34 ππ ππ π2/g π»π
Co2V
Co2v=0.6(CO2a)
CO
CO=Vo2/(Co2a-Co2v)
SV equation
SV= CO/HR
During exercise, the oxygen content of venous bloodβ¦. the amount being dependent on the magnitude of the exercise.
falls or decrease
Calculate the stroke volume during exercise from the previous stroke volume at rest calculation using the measured changes in pulse pressure (PP).
pulse pressure resting/ pulse pressure exercising = stroke volume resting/stroke volume exercising
calculate the cardiac output during exercise:
COe = SV x HR
Assuming arterial blood is 100% saturated during exercise, calculate the oxygen content of venous blood during exercise
Vo2= (CO)(Co2a-Co2v)
The increase or decrease in the rhythm and rate of respiration is controlled by
neural centers located in the medulla and pons.
carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system.
If the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood decreases, there is a decrease in the concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood causing an increase in the bloodβs pH (more alkaline) until more carbon dioxide enters the blood cells to form carbonic acid. This mechanism is known as the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system.
If we β¦β¦.the rate and depth of respiration (rapid, deep breathing), carbon dioxide quickly becomes flushed out of the body as we are eliminating a larger concentration of carbon dioxide at a faster rate. Thus, a reduction in carbon dioxide levels due to rapid, deep breathing leads to a decrease in carbonic acid levels causing the bloodβs pH to
increase
increase
If we β¦β¦the rate and depth of respiration (slow, shallow breathing), carbon dioxide will accumulate in the blood as a smaller concentration of carbon dioxide is being eliminated at a slower rate.This accumulation of carbon dioxide will cause carbonic acid levels in the blood to increase, thus β¦. blood pH
decrease
decrease
Due to the decrease in the frequency of inspirations, the respiratory rate while speaking
decreases
The increased acidity of the blood will stimulate β¦β¦ that will communicate with the neural receptors in the brain.
chemoreceptors
Once the individual exhales, they will immediately β¦β¦. and β¦β¦.. to replenish the oxygen levels in their body.
inhale deeply (β TV)
breathe faster (β RR)
When concentrating on a task, such as completing math problems or threading a needle, individuals find they often hold their breath resulting in a β¦.. in their overall respiratory rate.
decrease
To compensate for the decrease in respiration, tidal volume and respiratory rate will β¦β¦. until the bloodβs pH stabilizes.
increase
occurs when an individual takes rapid and deep breaths that exceeds the bodyβs need to eliminate carbon dioxide.
hyperventilation
When the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood becomes too low, the brain will force the body to β¦.the respiratory rate and β¦..the tidal volume (slow, shallow breaths).
decrease
decrease
cessation of breathing
apnea
are commonly heard of respiratory disorders that affect an individualβs ability to breathe normally.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) and asthma
COPDs, like emphysema or chronic bronchitis, β¦β¦ decrease an individualβs ability to force air out of the lungs.
irreversibly
While classified as an obstructive disorder, asthma is considered β¦.. as there are symptom-free periods that follow each episode.
reversible
KNOW CHART 1st page
the rate at which you obtain oxygen from the environment across the respiratory exchange surface of the lungs
ventilation
the rate at which oxygen is extracted from the blood going through the capillaries of the metabolizing cells
perfusion
these are the concentrations of oxygen in the systemic arterial blood (CO2a) and systemic venous blood (CO2v).
In the circulatory system
