Quiz 6 - nervous system

Question 1

Are the SNS cranial nerves ipso or contralateral? Afferent or efferent

Answer 1

Ipsilateral, both afferent and efferent

Question 2

What is the corresponding number and function of the olfactory cranial nerve?

Answer 2

1 - smell

Question 3

What is the corresponding number and function of the optic cranial nerve?

Answer 3

2 - sight

Question 4

What is the corresponding number and function of the ocular motor cranial nerve?

Answer 4

3 - eye motion

Question 5

What is the corresponding number and function of the trochlear cranial nerve?

Answer 5

4 - eye motion

Question 6

What is the corresponding number and function of the trigeminal cranial nerve?

Answer 6

5 - Masticatory (chewing) motion and facial sensation

Question 7

What is the corresponding number and function of the abducens cranial nerve?

Answer 7

6 - eye movement

Question 8

What is the corresponding number and function of the facial cranial nerve?

Answer 8

7 - motor and sensory

Question 9

What is the corresponding number and function of the Auditory vestibular cranial nerve?

Answer 9

8 - Hearing and balance

Question 10

What is the corresponding number and function of the Glossopharyngeal cranial nerve?

Answer 10

9 - Tongue and pharynx mvmt and sensation

Question 11

What is the corresponding number and function of the Vagus cranial nerve?

Answer 11

10 - Heart, blood vessels, viscera, larynx, pharynx mvmt

Question 12

What is the corresponding number and function of the Spinal accessory cranial nerve?

Answer 12

11 - neck movement

Question 13

What is the corresponding number and function of the hypoglossal cranial nerve?

Answer 13

12 - tongue movement and autonomic function contributions

Question 14

What are the 5 sections of the spine, and how many vertebrae are there in each segment?

Answer 14

1. Cervical (1-8)
2. Thoracic (1-12)
3. Lumbar (1-5)
4. Sacral (1-5)
5. Coccygeal (none/ 1)

Question 15

How do the spine segments/ vertabra interact with the surrounding body? What are the body segments called?

Answer 15

in a horizontal manner, split into segments called dermatomes which listen to the segment like a mini-brain.

Question 16

What is the law of Bell and Magendie? What are the channels entering the spinal cord which adhere to this law called?

Answer 16

• Affective sensory regions like Posterior - posterior root

- Effective motor regions like Anterior - anterior root

Question 17

Is the ANS ipsi or contralateral?

Answer 17

Ipsilateral

Question 18

What are the structures lying near the spinal cord which dictate organ action? what are the differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia?

Answer 18

Ganglia - sympathetic lie parallel to the chord, parasymp. do as well in the sacral region, but also lie near the viscera, connected to three cranial nerves, - 1. Vagus (calms most organs) 2. Facial (salivation) 3. Occular motor (pupil dilation)

Question 19

Why is the ENS considered the ‘second brain’?

Answer 19

1. wide arrange of neuron types
2. 200-500 million neurons
3. range of hormone and chemical messengers

Question 20

What does the ENS control?

Answer 20

Bowel blood flow, motility and secretion to permit fluid absorption and waste excretion

Question 21

Where are ENS neurons located?

Answer 21

In sheets of tissues called Plexus, which line the major gastrointestinal organs (colon, esophagus, stomach, small intestine)

Question 22

Explain the microbiome, along with the number of microbiota, their ratio to host cells, the mood disorders theyre relevant for and the medical field that surrounds it

Answer 22

3.9x10^13 microbiota, 1.3:1 ratio, psychobiotics, which uses living microorganisms to treat behavioural disorders (like anxiety, depression)

Question 23

Can the ENS influence psychological phenomena?

Answer 23

Yes, studies show it plays a role in mood disorders like anxiety and depression, deriving symptoms like nausea and diarrhea.

Question 24

Describe the 1st principle of the NS

Answer 24

NS produces movement in a perceptual world constructed by the brain - think of the cog. maps formed by the tectum.

Question 25

Describe the 2nd principle of the NS

Answer 25

Neuroplasticity is the hallmark of NS functioning - allows for learning, larger brains allow for more of it.
- can be problematic, ie dementia, chronic pain and epilepsy

Question 26

Describe the 3rd principle of the NS, and its exceptions.

What structure allows for this?

Answer 26

many brain circuits are contralateral, with a few exceptions: Olfactory sensation, SNS, ANS and enteric PNS connections
The corpus callusom, whos 200 million neurons bridge the hemispheres.

Question 27

Describe the 4th principle of the NS

Answer 27

The CNS functions of many levels - think older to more recent structures as additional structures which interact with more primitive structures to form the dichotomy of Nitzsche

Question 28

Describe the 5th principle of the NS

Answer 28

The brain is symmetrical and asymmetrical - many functions are split across the hemispheres (ie arm control) but others are not - for example, language and spacial control (the right arm is controlled by the left hem, but the overall direction of the body is localized in the right) - makes intuitive sense

Question 29

Describe the 6th principle of the NS

Answer 29

Brain systems are Organized Hierarchichally (in serial) and parallel - come back to this

Question 30

Describe the 7th principle of the NS and its 2 criteria

Answer 30

Sensory and Motor divisions permeate the NS

1. Separate cortical regions process different sensory inputs and motor outputs
2. The entire cortex is organized around the distinction, with sections operating as sensory, motor and integrative (think neocortical layers 4, 5/6 and 1-3)

Question 31

Describe the 8th principle of the NS

Answer 31

The brain divides sensory input for object recognition and movement - inability to see/recognize an object does not always result in the inability to properly interact with it, as the cortical regions required for the 2 are separate (add detail)
-Dorsal vs. Ventral stream of perceptual processes

Question 32

Describe the 9th principle of the NS

Answer 32

Brain regions are localized and distributed - minor problems all around the brain = no big deal, major problems in one area = loss of functioning in that regions task.
ex. Alzheimer’s - manifests first as memory loss (localized loss) and then turns into mainstream dementia as the rest of the brain falls prey.

Question 33

Describe the 10th principle of the NS

Answer 33

The NS works by juxtaposing excitation and inhibition - ex. sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions (as seen by the loss as opposed to disinhibition - like Tourettes - of behaviours as a result of brain damage)