2-2 conserved pattern of nervous system dev.

Question 1

Prosencephalon (name and function)

Answer 1

Front brain in reptiles

responsible for olfaction

Question 2

Mesencephalon (name and function)

Answer 2

Mid brain in reptiles

responsible for vision and hearing

Question 3

Rhombenscephalon

Answer 3

hindbrain

Movement and balance

Question 4

To which of the three sections does the spinal cord belong

Answer 4

Rhombenscephalon/ Hindbrain

Question 5

What does the prosencephalon develop into in mammals?

Answer 5

The Diencephalon (between brain) and the telencephalon (endbrain)

Question 6

What structures are a part of the telencephalon

Answer 6

Cerebral hemispheres and cortical areas

Question 7

What does the hindbrain/rhombencephalon develop into for humans?

Answer 7

Metencephalon/across brain , includes the cerrebellum

Myelenscephalon/spinal brian, includes the spinal chord

Question 8

What are the three major CNS components

Answer 8

Spinal cord, brainstem and forebrain

Question 9

What is the main function of the brainstem

Answer 9

Creating our sensory world and navigating it, as it receives all sensory afferent signals and directs almost all efferent signals

Question 10

Into what can the brain stem be divided, and what do they control predominantly

Answer 10

Hindbrain (motor function), midbrain (sensory function) and diencephalon (integrated sensory-motor function)

Question 11

What is the sensory and motor separation in the mid and hindbrain?

Answer 11

Sensory structures lie dorsal/posterior and motor lie ventral/anterior

Question 12

What are the components of the hindbrain, and what are their main functions

Answer 12

1. Cerebellum (fine motor coordination, related to cog. capacity)
2. Reticular formation (netlike array of white and grey matter, with nuclei localized in bundles along its length, each with a specific function ie waking from sleep)
3. Pons (bridge) connects the nuclei which receive input from the cerebellum and sends it to the rest of the brain
4. Medulla nuclei regulate vital functions like breathing and the cardiovascular system

Question 13

What are the components of the midbrain, and what are their main functions

Answer 13

Tectum: posterior sensory area
Tegmentum: Anterior motor area

Question 14

what are the relevant components of the tectum?

Answer 14

Superior colliculus: receives visual sensation from the optic nerve
inferior colliculus: receives auditory info

Question 15

What is the main function of the Tectum’s Colliculi?

Answer 15

Orienting movements, which are determined by the colliculi’s visual, auditory and tactile maps, working in tandem to determine the perceptual field.

Question 16

What are the relevant components of the tegmentum?

Answer 16

1. Red nuclei: controls limb movements
2. Substantia Nigra: connects the tegmentum to the forebrain, important in initiating movements
3. Periaqueductal grey matter: contains circuits that control for species relevant behaviours

Question 17

Diencephalon and its functions

Answer 17

Integrates sensory and motor information on its way to the cerebral cortex

Question 18

What are the 2 components of the diencephalon?

Answer 18

1. Hypothalamus

2. Thalamus

Question 19

Characteristics and functions of the hypothalamus`

Answer 19

Composed of 22 nuclei and nerve fibre systems

Controls the bodies production of hormones via its interaction w the pituitary gland

Question 20

Characteristics and functions of the Thalamus

Answer 20

larger than the hypthal, only 20 nuclei,
Organizes and integrates the sensory info travelling to the cortex
Some regions have motor components

Question 21

Main Thalamic structures presented in the reading and their functions

Answer 21

1. Dorsomedial thalamic nucleus: olfactory info travels through here on its way to the forebrain
2. Lateral Geniculate Nucleus: visual info passes through on its way to the forebrain

Question 22

What are the two principle structures of the forebrain?

Answer 22

1. Cerebral cortex

2. Basal Ganglia

Question 23

What are the two components of the Cerebral cortex
How many layers do they have?
what do they do?

Answer 23

1. allocortex (3-4 layers)
   - plays a role in controlling motivation and emotional states, and certain forms of memory
2. neocortex (6 layers)
   - constructs the perceptual world and responds to it

Question 24

terminology for ‘smooth’ and non smooth brains

what are the names of the bumps in the non smooth? what are the folds?

Answer 24

smooth - lissencephalic
non-smooth - gyrencephalic
gyri - the bumps
sulci - the folds (think sucked down)

Question 25

What are the components of the allocortex?

Answer 25

1. Amygdala
2. Hippocampus
3. Cingulate cortex

Question 26

What is the function of the hippocampus

Answer 26

Memory consolidation

Question 27

What is the function of the cingulate cortex, and where is it found?

Answer 27

emotion formation and processing, learning and memory, linking behavioural outcomes to motivation
found above the corpus callus close to the midline

Question 28

What are the main problems with the term ‘limbic system’

Answer 28

1. no agreement on which structures should be a part of it

2. hippocampus, which is an allocortical structure, plays a role in the acquisition and retention of memories

Question 29

Main components of the basal ganglia

Answer 29

1. Caudate nucleus
2. Putamen
3. Globus Pallidus

Question 30

Basal Ganglia’s function

Answer 30

Controlling voluntary movements, along with structures from the thalamus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus.