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AAA Marine Bio > Quiz 6- poriferans, cnidarians, annelids, molluscs > Flashcards

Quiz 6- poriferans, cnidarians, annelids, molluscs Flashcards

1
Q

Use your understanding of poriferan biology to assemble a marine sponge, and identify the major cells, structures and forms.

A

pinacocytes
mesenchyme
archeocyte cells
choanocytes
flagellum and microvilli collar

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2
Q

pinacocytes

A

exterior “skin” cells of sponges- some become porocytes

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3
Q

mesenchyme

A

jelly-like middle layer of sponges
***made of archeocyte cells: move around in mesohyl- reproduce, transport + store food, secrete spicules

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4
Q

spicules

A

mesenchyme/ archeocyte cells called SCLEROCYTES secrete skeletal elements called spicules that can be made of CaCO3, silica, or spongin
variable shapes

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5
Q

choanocytes

A

in sponges
flagellum and microvilli collar
line inner layer of sponges
drive water movement in thru pores for filter feeding

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6
Q

Explain how water & nutrients move through, and are utilized by, poriferans.

A

water flows in thru porocytes + out thru osculum opening
brings in food + o2, removes wastes

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7
Q

3 major porifera body forms

A

ascon
sycon
leucon

all have pores, choanocytes, and at least one osculum

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8
Q

major difference btwn ascon + sycon sponges

A

sycon has folds called radial canals that are lined with choanocytes

ascon are simplest, LEAST common
porocytes called ostia

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9
Q

Differentiate between sexual and asexual reproduction in Poriferans.

A

most monoecious- (both sexes on 1 individual)
do NOT self fertilize bc eggs and sperm are ready at different times
sperm cell is a modified choanocyte- engulfed by a choanocyte on egg, fertilized, planktonic larva, settles/attaches to substrate + develops

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10
Q

leucon sponge

A

no spongocoel cavity
pores lead water thru choanocyte chambers
several osculi openings

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11
Q

four major classes of Cnidarians.

A

anthozoans
scyphozoans
cubazoans
hydrozoans

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12
Q

gen chars of cnidarians

A

nettles!
have 2 tissue layers:
epidermis and gastrodermis
mesoglea
radial symmetry
blind gut
well formed digestive system
often dioecious
nervous system

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13
Q

mesoglea

A

in cnidarians
jelly-like substance btwn 2 tissue layers (epidermis + gastrodermis)

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14
Q

cnidarian digestion

A

extracellular

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15
Q

dioecious

A

separate sexes
like cnidarians (generally)

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16
Q

cnidarian excretion

A

diffusion

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17
Q

cnidarian nervous system

A

network of nerve cells

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18
Q

major cnidarian stages

A

sessile polyp
stinging medusa

both have stinging cells + tentacles

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19
Q

anthozoans

A

anemones, corals, + sea fans
CARNIVOROUS
(may have symbiotic zooxanthellae)- supplement diet
no medusa stage
solitary or colonial
stony corals excrete calcium carbonate

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20
Q

anthozoan stages

A

polyps produce gametes that develop into swimming planular larvae that then settle + develop

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21
Q

scyphozoans

A

true jellies!
carnivorous
outside of body covered in sensory structures
move via muscle contraction (rings)

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22
Q

scyphozoan stages + life cycle

A

short benthic polyp stage, long planktonic stage
medusae shed gametes that develop into (planular) larvae then develop benthic stage
benthic stage undergoes STROBILATION

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23
Q

strobilation

A

in true jellies (scyphozoans)
during benthic stage
little developing ephyra pop off the end + swim off!
smaller ephyra develop into larger medusae

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24
Q

cubozoans

A

box jellies!!
carnivorous
well developed eyes
unusually strong swimmers compared to other cnidarians

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25
Q

chironex fleckeri

A

australian box jelly/sea wasp
weirdly do not develop benthic stages in reefs- only in estuaries of rivers on undersides of stones

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26
Q

cubozoan life cycle stages

A

benthic polyp stage, medusae

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27
Q

hydrozoans

A

simplest cnidarians
benthic colony + medusa stages

planktonic hydrozoa- eg: velella velella + portuguese man’o’war (spend most of life in medusa stage)

also hydrozoans that spend most of their life in benthic stage

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28
Q

hydrozoan benthic colony stage

A

polymorphic- feeding and reproductive cells all attached to one another
***called gastrozooids and gonozooids

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29
Q

Explain how cnidocytes function, and be able to label their major structures (nematocysts, thread, barb, cnidocil).

A

nematocysts- actual stinging systems (organelles)
barb holds thread
cnidocil- hair-like projection

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30
Q

How does scyphozoan reproduction differ from hydrozoan reproduction?

A

scyphozoans have individual benthic polyps while hydrozoans have colonies

hydrozoan colonies have specialized gastro- + gonozooids

benthic scyphozoan polyps undergo strobilation

both have medusae

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31
Q

annelids

A

segmented worms
NOT including/discussing phyla of flatworms or roundworms
bilateral symmetry
3 tissue layers
complete gut
body cavity
can free burrow, live in substrate, on top of substrate, or construct tubes

32
Q

3 major classes of annelids

A

polychaeta (we’re focusing on these bc they’re the best duh)
oligochaeta (earthworms)
hirudinea (leeches)

33
Q

feeding types of annelids

A

carnivores, deposit feeders, suspension feeders (can be one or more of these)

34
Q

infaunal vs epifaunal

A

referring to annelids
living IN vs ON TOP OF substrate

35
Q

body cavity in annelids

A

coelom

36
Q

Describe the major biological and ecological characteristics of the Polychaetes.

A

have distinct segments w separate pairs of parapoida (containing setae)
free + tube-living

37
Q

setae

A

bristles attached to parapodia in polychaetes
used for burrowing, swimming, crawling
most have swimming larvae

38
Q

bobbit worms

A

longest known polychaete
ambush predator
5 antennae
large mandibles
no eyes, no brain

39
Q

christmas tree worm

A

tube builders
2 bright crowns composed of hair-like radioles attached to a central spine- used for respiration + filter feeding
sedentary- anchored in burrows bore into coral

40
Q

How do siboglinids differ from typical polychaetes? Explain how they utilize symbiotic bacteria for nutrients.
Important points - how is hydrogen sulfide used, where does it come from, how is it transported within the worm?

A

live in constructed tubes
near hydrothermal vents (underwater volcanoes), whale falls, sunken plant material

41
Q

riftia

A

siboglinids
no mouth, gut, or anus
symbiotic chemosynthetic bacteria within their trophosome- depend entirely on these for their diet
red plumes that absorb o2, hydrogen sulfide

42
Q

Be able to differentiate between the processes of chemosynthesis and photosynthesis.

A

chemosynthesis
co2 + h2s + o2 –> sugar + s + h20
photosynthesis
co2 + h20 –> sugar + o2

energy for chemo reaction comes from interaction of oxygen + hydrogen sulfide

43
Q

Osedax worms:
Where are they primarily found?
How and why do they bore into whale bones?
What is their relationship with bacteria?
How do they get oxygen?
Explain how they differentiate into males vs females, and the roles of each.

A
  • whale falls!
  • larvae travel on the current + develop when the right nutritional environment is found (when they land on whale falls)
  • feast on bone- unoccupied niche, arrive after all flesh has been eaten
  • acid bores into bone, symbiotic (chemosynthetic) bacteria help them digest the fat from the bone
  • o2 taken in from fan structure on the opposite end of the side that bores into the bone
  • males are basically parasites within females- larvae that land later or on top of others- never grow past larval stage
44
Q

mollusca

A

mostly shelled (calcium carbonate)- shell often secteted from mantle
complete gut
3 tissue layers
coelom
gill within mantle cavity used for respiration + feeding

45
Q

mollusca feeding

A

suspension feeding thru gill in the mantle

46
Q

major classes of the Phylum Mollusca.

A

cephalopoda
scaphopoda
gastropoda
bivalvia
monoplacophora
polyplacophora

47
Q

cephalopoda

A

phylum mollusca
complex eyes
carnivorous
arms with suckers
all have photophores that change color
swim, but somewhat benthic
ink

48
Q

squid

A

feed on large fish to krill
8 arms lined w suckers
2 long tentacles
hypnome
beak

49
Q

hypnome

A

in mantle of squid
shoots out water to propel squid towards prey

50
Q

giant + colossal squid

A

largest invertebrates
can be over 50ft long omg
colossal squid comparable in size but higher mass

51
Q

octopus

A

beak
2 eyes
soft bodies allow it to squeeze thru really tight spaces
8 appendages
most intelligent invertebrates

52
Q

chambered nautilus

A

ancient
2 pinhole eyes- only see light + dark
perceive water depth, current speed + direction
no suckers, but over 90 arms
highly developed sense of smell
use maneuverable siphon in mantle to propel water + push them in any direction

53
Q

cuttlefish

A

internal shell aka cuttlebone

54
Q

cephalopoda reproduction

A

males transfer spermatophore to female
internal fertilization
eggs free float or attach to substrate

55
Q

photophores

A

in cephalopoda

56
Q

scaphopoda

A

phylum mollusca
tusk shells
infaunal (buried in substrate)
probe into sediment looking for small prey, radula brings them to mouth

57
Q

gastropoda

A

phylum mollusca
most have a cap-shaped cell
torsion
mouth with teeth (radula) that scrape against food (eg algae)
flattened muscular foot

58
Q

subclasses of gastropoda

A

caenogastropoda
patellogastropoda
vetigastropoda
heterobranchia

59
Q

caenogastropoda

A

subclass of gastropoda
contains grazers, carnivores, filter feeders
eg: periwinkle + moon snails, conches, cone snails

60
Q

cone snails

A

caenogastropoda
venomous + predatory
some venoms can be fatal to humans
use chitinous harpoon loaded with venom to capture to prey
some venoms have a pain-reducing venom- medical uses (eg: ziconotide which is 1000x stronger than morphine!!!)

61
Q

moon snails

A

caenogastropoda
drills thru bivalves using radula (teeth) + acid
use proboscis to scoop out insides of bivalves
lay egg masses- “sand collars”

62
Q

patellogastropoda

A

limpets! (true limpets)
muscular foot to stick to rocks, use radula to scrape algae
badasses that live in the intertidal zone

63
Q

vetigastropoda

A

keyhole limpets + abalone- both have opening/”keyhole” that makes them different from true limpets

64
Q

heterobranchia

A

nudibranchs!!!! also sea hares, pteropods
no shells except sea hares that have an internal shell
DETORSION- reverses torsion process

65
Q

glaucus atlanticus

A

heterobranchs
blue sea dragon
pokemon!
pelagic- float upside down, use gas-filled stomach sac
eat portuguese man’o’war + velella + store nematocysts

66
Q

leaf sheep

A

cute green heterobranchs
2 eyes + 2 rhinophores
rhinophores used for sensing chemicals in the water
capable of kleptoplasty

67
Q

kleptoplasty

A

capability of leaf sheep
retaining chloroplasts from their algae diet that are able to keep photosynthesizing- give the leaf sheep their green color

68
Q

2 most common suborders of nudibranchs (heterobrachia)

A

aeolidacea
doridacea

69
Q

aeolidacea

A

nudibranch suborder
cerrata on dorsal side- extension of digestive tract + used in respiration
can store nematocysts form hydroids they eat

70
Q

doridacea

A

nudibranch suborder
single gill plume near anus

71
Q

bivalvia

A

class
phylum mollusca
2 valves hinged together by calcified feet
mantle lines the valve
muscular foot
infaunal or epifaunal
many use filter feeding
byssal threads

72
Q

crassotrea virginica

A

bivalve (oyster)
important for filtering water + habitat for crabs, etc

73
Q

monoplacophora

A

class
phylum mollusca
believed to be most similar to ancestral mollusks
one cap shaped shell
flattened foot
radula

74
Q

polyplacophora

A

class
phylum mollusca
oval-shaped, flattened, have 8 chitonous dorsal plates
flattened foot that suctions to rocks
radula- mostly feed on algae but sometimes graze on seaweed + small invertebrates

75
Q

Understand the biological role of chromatophores, and which group of organisms is primarily known for having them.

A

in cephalopods, used for camouflage
specialized pigment cells
controlled neurally
rapidly expand + contract via muscles

AAA Marine Bio (18 decks)

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