Quiz 6 Flashcards
Stress induced fetal programming species
Livestock
Stress induced fetal programming effects
Low birth weight
Slow growth
Poor feed conversion
Poor carcass characteristics
Most often die
Fetal programming
Role that the environment plays in fetal development
Stress
Social stress
Nutritional
Chronic environment stress
Toxic ingest
Nutritional stress
Under feeding
Over feeding
Deficiencies
Chronic stress
Heat
Cold
Hypoxemia
Toxic ingest stress
Immune response
Thrifty definition
Stressor between 1st and 2nd trimester
Nutrition partitioning when stressed
Hormones direct hormones to muscles for maintenance
Glucose O2
Glucose O2 is needed to
Fuel the body
Insufficient nutrition partitioning leads to
Increased inflammatory cytokines
Increased catecholamines (adrenaline)
Consequences of insufficient nutrition partitioning
Reduced size
Decreased lean mass
Increased fat mass
Increased inflammatory sensitivity
Decreased adrenergic sensitivity
Altered insulin release and signals
Reduced capacity for glucose
Bioelectrical impedance analysis
Longissimus dorsi ultrasound - ribeye area
Glucose metabolism
Hindleg
Ex vivo
In death
Insulin stimulate glucose uptake
Insulin signaling
Waste management trends
Farms are increasing in size
The amount of animal waste is increasing
Farmers must find new ways to manage animal waste
Waste Management Regulatory Laws
Public Health Act
Environmental Management Act of 2005
Regulatory means
Controls ANY type of waste, not just animal
Govern transport, treatment, & disposal of waste
Why is waste management important?
Clean and green agriculture is now increasing importance in marketing produce both domestically and overseas
Appropriate management of farm wastes can benefit farming by preventing
Contamination impacting property value
Contamination of the land and water on your farm
Breeding sites for disease spreading mosquitos
Contamination of produce
Stock injustice of death
Offensive odors
Large penalties and clean-up costs from poor waste management
Manure =
Feces + urine as excreted
Waste =
Manure + bedding + wasted feed + leaked water + etc.
What parts of animal’s cause impacts?
Mouths - eating
Bodies - damage property
Hooves - impact soil
Manure - get into water supplies
Ground water issues
Drinking water for rural residents
Vulnerable to contaminant leaching
Excess nitrogen = health problems in elderly and infants
Surface water issues
Phosphorus loading
Dissolved oxygen levels
Increases in biochemical oxygen demand
Phosphorus is a
Naturally occurring element
The main sources of phosphorus loading from animal operations are
Manure runoff
Soil erosion
Phosphorus is a limiting factor for
Aquatic plant growth
Fish and other aquatic critters need certain levels of ______ _______ to breathe
Dissolved oxygen
What generates dissolved oxygen
Aquatic plants and algae undergoing photosynthesis
Naturally occurring aerobic bacteria act as
Waterway scavengers
Increased waste =
Surge of aerobic bacteria which decreases oxygen
Animal waste management is controlling
Odors
Dust
Flies
Rodents
Other nuisances
Factors in animal waste management
Size of operation
Climate
Type of animal
Amount of money to invest
Direction of wind
Temperature
Confined system:
Animals kept in barn or on a lot
Requires high waste management
Labor/machines required to remove waste
Waste kept in lagoon or spread directly on to a field
Unconfined system:
Utilizes pasture
Waste left on pasture
Uses little barn space
Very low maintenance for waste removal
How can manure be a resource?
Promotes soil fertility and plant growth
Important nutrients: nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus
Effective management depends on
Collection
Storage
Application
Removal
Manure collects in
Pasture
Cages
Bedded stalls/barns
Dry lots
Cage collection
Manure drops through cage and is removed
Small animals - rabbits, poultry/birds
Bedded stall or barn
Horses, cattle, swine, poultry
Manual cleaning to remove waste and manure
Manure storage considerations
Distance from streams, ponds, wells
Prevailing wind direction
Slope of ground
Soil type
Manual storage - avoiding runoff
Install buffer strips
Install berms or ditches
Buffer strips
Vegetated area between storage and stream
Berms or ditches
Prevents water from entering or leaving storage area
Composting:
Reduces volume
Kills parasites
Reduces weed seeds
Reduces odor
Provides slow-release fertilizer
Provides soil amendment
Composting requirements:
Oxygen
Moisture
Correct carbon to nitrogen ratio (30:1)
Temperature (120-160 F)
What to do with manure
Apply it to property
Arrange to remove it (landscapers/gardeners/farmers)
Haul it yourself
Landfilling (bury on property)
