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Animal Biological Systems > Quiz 5 > Flashcards

Quiz 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of reproduction

A

The action or process of making a copy of something

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2
Q

Sexual interaction of gametes which produces an offspring organism with genetic characteristics derived from two parental gametes

A

Mammalian reproduction

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3
Q

Reproduction is inherently complex: interactions between —> determine the success of reproduction

A

Reproductive tract
Hormones
Nutrition
Genetics
Environment

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4
Q

HPG axis

A

Hypothalamus
GnRH
Anterior pituitary
LH, FSH
Gonads
Sex hormones

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5
Q

Regulation of gametogenesis by hypothalamic and pituitary hormones

A

GnRH
LH
FSH

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6
Q

Steroids made by the gonad form a

A

Negative feedback loop with the hypothalamic and pituitary hormones

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7
Q

Pituitary hormones also stimulate growth and differentiation of gametes

A

Spermatogenesis
Folliculogenesis

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8
Q

Follicular phase:

A

The female gamete develops surrounded by supporting somatic cells which produce steroid hormones under the direction of gonadotropins

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9
Q

Luteal phase:

A

After ovulation, the somatic cells differentiate into luteal cells which make progesterone

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10
Q

GnRH is released from

A

Neurons which are stimulated by other neurons

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11
Q

In the female hypothalamus _________ determines tonic vs. surge release of GnRH

A

Kisspeptin

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12
Q

Pulses of GnRH cause pulsatile release of

A

FSH and LH

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13
Q

LH and FSH regulate

A

Steroid hormone synthesis

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14
Q

Steroid hormone synthesis exerts

A

Feedback regulation of GnRH

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15
Q

During the follicular phase, FSH stimulates

A

Follicle growth which leads to increased E2 synthesis

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16
Q

Upon reaching threshold concentration,

A

E2 stimulates GnRH surge

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17
Q

The LH surge causes

A

Rupture of dominant follicle
Release of oocyte and granulosa cells

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18
Q

The remaining granulosa cells and Theca cells undergo differentiation into luteal cells to form a

A

Corpus luteum

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19
Q

On the luteal cell, LH binds the _____ and stimulates _____ _________

A

LH-R
cAMP production

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20
Q

cAMP alters the

A

Activity of enzymes that internalize cholesterol into the cell and promote its metabolism to the steroid progesterone

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21
Q

_____ is the main factor initiating luteolysis

A

PGF2alpha

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22
Q

PGF2alpha induces ___ ______ and increases

A

Cell death
Metabolism of P4

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23
Q

_____ is also initiated by immune cells that invade CL and activate the apoptotic pathway

A

Apoptosis

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24
Q

The corpus luteum is not responsive to PGF2alpha for __ to __ days after luteal cells form

A

7 to 10

25
Q

PGF2alpha is initially made in the

A

Uterus due to increased oxytocin receptor expression

26
Q

Oxytocin is synthesized in the

A

Hypothalamus

27
Q

Oxytocin is secreted from the

A

Posterior pituitary

28
Q

Progesterone (P4) is synthesized and secreted from the

A

Luteal cells

29
Q

Progesterone inhibits

A

GnRH, FSH, and LH release from the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

Uterine myometrium contractility

30
Q

Progesterone stimulates

A

Uterine glandular secretions

31
Q

Progesterone induces

A

Mammary gland differentiation

32
Q

Luteolysis is inhibited by

A

Species-specific mechanisms upon establishment of pregnancy

33
Q

Women pregnancy recognition factor

A

hCG

34
Q

Species with no pregnancy recognition factor needed

A

Bitch, Queen

35
Q

Myometrium contractions cause the fetus to

A

Descend upon the cervix

36
Q

Neural signals from the myometrium travel to the

A

Hypothalamus - increase oxytocin secretion

37
Q

Oxytocin increased

A

Myometrium contractility

38
Q

Parturition result

A

Positive feedback loop until fetus and placenta are expelled

39
Q

Puerperium is the

A

Period after parturition when the reproductive tract returns to its non pregnant condition in preparation for a a subsequent conception

40
Q

Four major events during puerperium

A

Myometrial contractions
Endometrial repair
Resumption of ovarian cyclicity
Elimination of bacterial contamination of the reproductive tract

41
Q

Post-partum reproductive tract is an ideal environment for

A

Bacteria l

42
Q

Lochia

A

Uterine fluid after parturition

43
Q

Causes of infection

A

Retained fetal membranes
Dystocia and delay in lochia expulsion

44
Q

Complications of infection

A

Prolonged uterine involution
Prolonged puerperium
Delay in estrous cycle resumption
Delay of subsequent pregnancies

45
Q

MGA and CIDRs are often used to

A

Synchronize heifers

46
Q

POMC increaes the

A

ARC kisspeptin neuron activity

47
Q

What inhibits ARC kisspeptin neuron activity

A

NPY-AgRP

48
Q

Godzilla reproduces

A

Asexually

49
Q

Why is it important to keep the CL for establishment of pregnancy?

A

Preventing contractions of uterus
CL produces progesterone which supports pregnancy - establishes endometrium for pregnancy

50
Q

What factor normally causes CL regression in cows, sows, ewes and women? Where does this factor come from?

A

PGF2alpha
Comes from uterus - oxytocin tells uterus to make PGF2alpha

51
Q

What factor prevents CL regression in the cow and ewe? Sow? Woman?

A

Cow/ewe - no oxytocin receptor —> PGF2alpha can’t be accepted and CL progresses
Sow - estrogen in uterus
Woman - hCG

52
Q

What does a human pregnancy test measure? Why does this indicate that she is pregnant or not pregnant?

A

Measures hCG
Increased hCG means pregnant

53
Q

Can you use this test to determine if another animal is pregnant? Why or why not? Do you think this would be an accurate test to determine if Godzilla had reproduced? Why or why not?

A

Can’t use this test for another animal, h=human and animals don’t have hCG
Not accurate for Godzilla because Godzilla lays eggs, no hormone

54
Q

Why is there NO maternal recognition of pregnancy factor produced by the dog or cat?

A

Cats are copulative
Dogs have long cycles

55
Q

Do you think Godzilla makes a maternal recognition of pregnancy factor? Does Godzilla make a CL? Is P4 production important for establishment of pregnancy in this radioactive lizard?

A

No

56
Q

Do you think scientist Nick is interpreting the results of Godzilla’s pregnancy test correctly?

A

No

57
Q

How does insulin affect the estrous cycle?

A

Stimulates POMC which stimulates kisspeptin which stimulates GnRH

58
Q

How does lepton affect estrous cycle?

A

Too much/not enough throw off cycle

59
Q

High energy use by normal body can

A

Reduce cyclicity

Animal Biological Systems (5 decks)

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