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Quiz 4 Flashcards

1
Q

How many horse chromosomes

A

31

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2
Q

How many cattle chromosomes

A

29

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3
Q

How many dog chromosomes

A

28

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4
Q

How many chicken chromosomes

A

8

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5
Q

Variation of a gene

A

Allele

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6
Q

Dominant vs. recessive traits

A

Dominant trait doesn’t have to be the most common trait
Often many lethal traits are recessive
Simple traits are determined by one or a couple of genes

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7
Q

Mandibulofacial disease mutation

A

Recessive mutation of CYP26C1 in Hereford cattle

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8
Q

Mandibulofacial disease symptoms

A

Malformed, shortened jaw
Skin tags/beauty marks in face
Lowset/droopy ears

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9
Q

Mandibulofacial disease pathological description

A

Bilateral bone-wrapped meckel’s cartilage
Hypoplasia of mass ether and temporalis muscles

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10
Q

Mandibulofacial disease ties

A

Ties to founder
6 generations
40,000+ Herefords

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11
Q

Advancements in equine genetics

A

Many single-marker traits have been elucidated: color, disease

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12
Q

Equine genetics challenge

A

Most important traits are complex

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13
Q

Complex disease traits in equine genetics

A

Cribbing
Shivers
Cryptorchidism
Atrial fibrillation

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14
Q

Nearly ___% of associations between genome and a trait are in non-coding regions

A

90

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15
Q

How the genome is being regulated depends on

A

Sex
Age
Activity
Health status
Environment

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16
Q

FAANG stands for

A

Functional annotation of animal genomes

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17
Q

FAANG goal

A

Build a reference annotation of genome regulation in the horse

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18
Q

FAANG test subjects

A

Healthy, adult thoroughbreds

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19
Q

FAANG tissues studied

A

Liver
Lung
Skeletal muscle
Heart

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20
Q

Utility of FAANG data

A

Distichiasis in Friesian horses
Revealed an active enhancer

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21
Q

Dr. Peterson ongoing research

A

“roan” and sabino in Clydesdales and shires

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22
Q

Clydesdale name year

A

1826

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23
Q

Clydesdale horse society invented

A

1877

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24
Q

Clydesdales imported to North America in

A

1840’s

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25
Q

Clydesdale hit population peak in

A

1920’s - at risk and endangered

26
Q

Clydesdale 1st Budweiser hitch

27
Q

Clydesdales have low

A

Genetic diversity

28
Q

Just because a population has inbred horses, doesn’t mean the

A

Diversity is low

29
Q

Pedigree and genomic correlation

A

0.25 (low)

30
Q

Clydesdale objective

A

Preserve the Scottish Clydesdale, maintain breed diversity overall

31
Q

What is behind the phenotypic variation?

A

DNA sequence difference

32
Q

DNA sequence difference

A

Protein structural difference
P=G+E
Gene expression difference

33
Q

Types of genetic variation

A

Single nucleotide polymorphisms ~90%
Variable number tandem repeats
Insertions and deletions
Copy number variation
Gene duplication

34
Q

Single nucleotide polymorphisms

A

Mostly bi-allelic —> synonymous and non-synonymous

35
Q

History of whole genome sequencing 1869

A

Miescher discover DNA

36
Q

History of whole genome sequencing 2008

A

Next gen sequencing: 454 pyrosequencing, solexa, soLiD
“Great year”

37
Q

History of whole genome sequencing 2023

A

Hope to see nextgen sequencing that is less expensive

38
Q

How many base pairs are in a human genome

39
Q

How much did it cost to first sequence humans?

A

$3 billion

40
Q

1st human gene sequenced

A

Dr.James Watson

41
Q

What makes us unique

A

DNA sequence variation

42
Q

High-throughput next-generation sequencing
Generates from 80-6,000 Gb

A

Novaseq600

43
Q

Only portable, real-time device for DNA and RNA sequencing
Expensive
Volume:30 Gb

44
Q

Implementation of genomics to save newborn lives

A

Novel mutations
Rapid genome sequencing saves critically ill newborn-> 2 month old boy in kansas

45
Q

Is livestock genomics behind compared to human genomics?

46
Q

Dr.Ciobanu research aim

A

Understand genetic basis of phenotypic differences

47
Q

Advantages of using genomic information in selecting programs

A

Reduce generation interval
Perform selection for traits limited by sex
Perform selection when phenotypic records are not available
Reduce costs associated with testing
Increase accuracy of traditional breeding value estimates

48
Q

First molecular application

A

Porcine stress syndrome

49
Q

Porcine stress syndrome

A

Stressed pigs collapse and die = recessive homozygous for stress allele

50
Q

First molecular genetics tool used in animal breeding

A

Halothane gene

51
Q

Genetic markers are _____ ______ to causal variants

A

Closely linked

52
Q

Halothane gene is a

A

Causal variant

53
Q

Genome sequencing order of domestic species

A

Chicken (2004)
Dog (2005)
Cat (2007)
Cattle (2009)
Horse (2009)
Swine (2010)

54
Q

Simultaneous analysis of the structure and function of ver large number of genes

55
Q

Genomics available technology

A

Genotyping
Gene expressing
DNA and RNA sequencing

56
Q

Genome sequencing future

A

More functional DNA variants discovered
More gene editing

57
Q

Shortest virus known to affect mammalian cell
Very resistant
5-15% of pigs infected show signs of disease
Affects host immune response

58
Q

Annotation of the Chr12QTL region

A
  1. Gene/peptide prediction models
  2. RNA sequencing
59
Q

What explained the largest proportion of PCV2

A

Polymorphisms in SYNGR2 and BIRC5

60
Q

Genomic information and genetic selection objective

A

Perform selection based on genetic information

61
Q

Most economically important viral disease in swine
Binds to CD169

A

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Animal Biological Systems (5 decks)

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