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Ecology > Quiz 5 > Flashcards

Quiz 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Populations w/ many small eggs show:

A

fewer differences in allelic frequencies

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2
Q

What type of egg supports an isolated population?

A

Large eggs, because they don’t drift as far. [they hatch earlier and feed earlier too for some reason]

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3
Q

Greater isolation leads to:

A

rapid gene differentiation

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4
Q

What are the 4 basic plant “forms”?

A
  • Graminoids - grass and grass-like plants
  • Forbs - herbaceous, non-graminoids
  • Woody Plants - woody thickening of tissues
  • Climbers - climbing plants and vines
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5
Q

Woody plants and climbers have _______ the mass of seeds than graminoids or forbs

A

5x

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6
Q

6 different seed dispersal strategies

A
  • Un-assisted - nothin special
  • Adhesion - hooks, spines, barbs
  • Wind - wings, hair
  • Ant - oil surface coating
  • Vertebrate - fleshy coating
  • Scatter-hoarded - store
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7
Q

What kind of seed production for disturbed habitats?

A

large number of small seeds

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8
Q

Compare vertebrate energy budgets before and after sexual maturity.

A

Before, they focus on maintenance and growth After, they expand their resources to include reproduction

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9
Q

What would we observe in fish species with a higher morality?

A

Higher relative reproductive rate

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10
Q

Which type of population selection has a per capita rate of increase, unpredictable environments and a high population growth?

A

R selection

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11
Q

Which type of population selection has a predictable envirornments and a population at carrying capacity?

A

K selection

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12
Q

What is one important trait that is associated with R-selected individuals?

A

More eggs

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13
Q

For the following, tell what selection is described:

  • High rate of increase
  • Competitive ability
  • Small body size
  • Few, large offspring
A
  • R-selected
  • K-selected
  • R-selected
  • K-selected
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14
Q

What are the 2 most important variables exerting selective pressure in plants?

A
  • Intensity of disturbance: something that destroys biomass
  • Intensity of stress: external factors limit productiveness
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15
Q

Plot Stress and Distribution in a punnett square, then derive the least to most extreme conditions.

A
  1. Low D; Low S
  2. Low D; High S
  3. High D; Low S
  4. High D; High S
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16
Q

Mode of resource competition in which there is a differential ability to acquire resource

A

Exploitative

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17
Q

Mode of resource competition in which there is direct aggressive interaction

A

Interference

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18
Q

Mode of resource competition within a species

A

Intraspecific

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19
Q

Mode of resource competition between 2 species

A

Interspecific

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20
Q

What key nutrient/element is needed for plant growth?

A

Nitrogen

21
Q

With increased plant denisty, what 3 things occur?

A
  1. Growth rate decrease
  2. Increase competition
  3. Mortality of competitors (self-thinning)
22
Q

All of the environmental factors that influence growth, survival, & reproduction of a species.

A

niche

23
Q

What type of Niche is this:

  • Part “occupied”
  • Rea-restricted by interactions
A

Realized niche

24
Q

What type of niche is described:

  • Hypervolume
A

Fundamental niche

25
Q

Describe the Principle of Competitive Exclusion.

A
  • 2 species w/ identical niches cannot co-exist indefinitely
    • better competitor will win out
26
Q

Co-existence can only be possible when….

A

Interspecific competition is weaker than intraspecific competition

27
Q

For co-existence to be possible on an isocline, the lines must ____.

A

cross

28
Q

Tell what each variable on the graph represents

  • N1
  • N2
  • K1
    • Intraspecific comp?
    • Interspecific comp?
  • K2
    • Intraspecific comp?
    • Interspecific comp?
A
  • N1 - number of species 1
  • N2 - number of species 2
  • K1 - carrying capacity of species 1
    • Weak intra
    • Strong inter
  • K2 - carrying capacity of species 2
    • Strong intra
    • Weak inter
29
Q

What does this graph display?

  • What relationship must be true to support this kind of graph?
A

Co-existence of species

  • Interspecific competition is weaker than intraspecific
30
Q

Competition can restrict species to their ________ ________.

A

realized niches

31
Q

What is character displacement?

A

2 species have directional selection to avoid niche overlap

32
Q

The realized niches may be ___________ than the fundamental niche for a species in a location.

A

more narrow

33
Q

The whole sum of an organism’s ecological interactions is the ________.

A

Niche

34
Q

Lotka-Volterramodels predict the outcome of __________.

A

Competition

35
Q

What are the 3 overpopulation theories?

A
  • Decimation by disease/parasitism
  • Physiological stress at high density
  • Starvation - reduced food
36
Q

Explain why hare populations decrease in number.

  • ?
  • ?
  • ?
A
  • Increase in population size leads to decreased food supply
  • Decreased food supply leads to starvation and weight loss
  • Starvation and weight loss leads to increased predation and lower pop. #’s
37
Q

For both predators and prey to sustain, there must be:

  • ?
  • ?
A
  • Refuges for prey
  • Immigration for predators
38
Q

Defense mechanism in which swarms of dam fish huddle up together

A

predator satiation

39
Q

Size can be used as a form of ______. Offering protection from predators.

A

Refuge

40
Q

What are the 2 common types of mycorrhizae?

A
  1. Arbuscular mycorrhizae - branching
  2. Ectomycorrhizae - create a mantle around roots
41
Q

What are the 3 components of Arbuscular mycorrhizae?

A
  • Arbuscule - site of exchange
  • Hyphae - fungal filaments
  • Vesicles - energy storage organs
42
Q

Plants with mycorrhizae yield _______ leaf water potentials

A

higher

43
Q

How do mycorrhizae influence:

  • Leaf water potentials
  • Access to phosphorous
  • H2O conductivity
A
  • higher
  • better access
  • more efficient H2O conduction by allowing more contact w/ moisture
44
Q

What do ants benefit from while being with the Acacia trees?

A
  • thorns give living space
  • beltian bodies give oil and protein
  • folliar nectaries give sugar
45
Q

How do crustacean mutualists impact coral reefs?

A

Improving the chances coral will avoid attack by sea stars

46
Q

How do MF crabs mutualize MF corals?

A

Increased lipids in crabs inhabiting corals

47
Q

What is the impact of zooxanthellae on corals foo?

A

Zooxanthellae gain Nitron and Phosphorous from the coral

Coral gain organic compounds from the Zooxanthellae

48
Q

Corals control rate of Zooxanthellae growth and density by:

A

altering the secretion of organic matter

49
Q

What type of relationsihp does a plant and ants have?

A

Mutualistic; the ant provides protection and the plant provides nutrients, ya feel?

Ecology (7 decks)

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