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Ecology > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Who came up with the idea of natural selection besides Darwin?

A

Alfred Russel Wallace

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2
Q

Phenotypic environment = ____ + _____

A

genes + environment

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3
Q

Natural selection acts on _______.

A

individuals

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4
Q

Traits which give fitness advantage in a given environment are called ________.

A

adaptations

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5
Q

Evolution is a ______ in the allele _______ in a population over _____.

A

change frequency time

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6
Q

Natural selection results in an increase in adaptive traits and decrease in ________ traits

A

maladaptive

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7
Q

J. Losos performed an experiment on lizards that colonized islands. What genus? What did he find?

A
  • Anolis - Larger diameter perch branches leads to longer hind limb -
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8
Q

What Augustinian monk discovered heritable discrete packets?

A

Gregor Mendel

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9
Q

What are some of the commonalities between Russel’s theory and Darwin’s theory?

A
  • Organisms make like organisms - Variation btwn. individuals - Heritable traits - More offspring are produced
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10
Q

Natural selection acts on _______.

A

individuals

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11
Q

Gregor Mendel helped establish that there are alternate forms of genes: ______. And some prevent the __________ of others.

A

alleles expression

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12
Q

________ ________ among individuals in a population is a result of the combined effects of genes and environment.

A

Phenotypic variation

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13
Q

Adaptation by _________ to local environmental conditions in Potentilla glandulosa.

A

ecotypes

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14
Q

Bring plants from different places together, to grow them in the same environmental conditions.

A

Common Garden

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15
Q

Could a common garden experiment be done with animals?

A

It depends

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16
Q

Discuss the expected outcome of the P. glandulosa plant experiment and the actual outcome

A
  • Plants will grow according to altitude
  • But, all the plants grew different outside their home region
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17
Q

What was the deal with whitefish?

A
  • It was discovered that there was Genetic Variation in Alpine fish.
    • Whitefish move up into headwaters and became isolated
    • Microsatellite DNA → populations are highly diverse and exhibit a high level of differentiation
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18
Q

What changes were discovered among Alpine (whitefish)?

A

Microsattelite DNA → diverse populations exhibit differentiation

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19
Q

What are the 5 factors to hold Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

A
  • random mating
  • no mutations
  • large populations
  • no immunology
  • equitable fitness between all genotypes
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20
Q

Hardy-Weinberg states that allele frequencies will ______ ______ from generation to generation.

A

remain constant

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21
Q

What type of population distribution exists when the extreme phenotypes are selected against?

What does it prevent?

A
  • Stabilizing selection
  • Prevents changes in a population
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22
Q

What type of population distribution exists when 1 extreme is more represented?

A

Directional selection

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23
Q

What type of population distribution exists when 2 extremes are selected for?

What is the sciency word used to describe the distribution?

A

Disruptive Selection

Bimodal distribution

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24
Q

Can you have natural selection w/o heritability?

A

No

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25
Q

Is phenotype only based on genetics?

A

No, the enviornment has an influence on the organisms as well

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26
Q

What variable does heritabiliity equal?

A

h2

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27
Q

__________ change due to Natural Selection

A

Non-random

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28
Q

Natural selection can either favor, disfavor or ________ the genetic make-up of a population.

A

conserve

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29
Q

Adaptions that take place via natural selection depend on what?

A

Heritability of the trait

30
Q

What is the formula for heritability?

What do the variables mean?

A

h2 = VG / VP

  • h2 represents heritability
  • VG represents genetic variance
  • VP represents phenotypic variance
    • Can also be expanded to include enviornmental variance: VP = (VG + VE)
31
Q

Genetic Drift causes:

A

random allele frequency changes; especially in small populations

32
Q

What correlation do you expect between population size and genetic diversity?

What example was used in class?

A

Positive correlation

Ledig (scientist) sampled populations of the chihuahua spruce in Mexico

33
Q

What is an upside and downside to populations on an island?

A
  • normally small population, so less variation for natural selection to act upon
  • But, any new mutation is automatically in relatively high frequency, and will most likely have a better likelihood of being maintained
34
Q

Inbreeding leads to higher extinction rates in small populations as well as:

A
  • reduced fecundity
  • depressed juvenile survival
  • shortened life span
  • small body size
35
Q

Which study showed a positive correlation for inbreeding and extinction?

A

Glanville fritillaries

36
Q

The result of natural selection is ________.

A

predictable

37
Q

Genetic Drift results in ___________ changes.

A

unpredictable

38
Q

________ vegetation influences stream temperature.

A

Riparian

39
Q

The deeper the bodies of water, the _____ the temperature will change.

A

less

40
Q

Most organisms do best in a _________ temperature range.

A

narrow

41
Q

Discuss the rainbow trout research

A
  • 2 forms of Actylcholinesterase; 1 for the cold temp. and 1 for the warm temp.
    • serve a neural function
  • A duplication event in rainbow trout has tweaked the second copy to improve the survivability of rainbow trout
42
Q

Extreme temperatures ________ the rate of photosynthesis.

A

reduce

43
Q

Why does high temperature reduce photosynthesis?

  1. ?
  2. ?
A
  1. When a plant is hot, they close the stomata to conserve water; but this prevents fresh CO2 from coming into the plant
  2. Enzymes are not in their optimal ranges
44
Q

Physiological changes in response to temperature

(non-evolutionary, as this is over the life-span of an individual)

A

Acclimation

45
Q

When an individual becomes more tolerant?

A

acclimation

46
Q

Extreme cold loving marine bacteria

A

psychrophilic

47
Q

In contrast to psychrophilic microbes, we might call these __________.

Give an example

A

Thermophilic

Thermus aquaticus

48
Q

Body temperature changes with enviornment

A

Poikilotherms

49
Q

Body temperature constant, regardless of enviornmental

A

homeotherms

50
Q

Rely on external energy sources for heat

A

Ectotherms

51
Q

Rely on metabolic energy for heat

A

Endotherms

52
Q

Desert plants must _______ heat storage.

A

reduce

53
Q

How do Arctic and Alpine plants stay warm?

A

increase radiative heating

decrease convective cooling

54
Q

How do Tropic Alpine Plants stay warm? (2 things)

A
  1. Retain dead leaves to insulate
  2. Thick pubescence
55
Q

How do Liolaemus lizards thrive in cold enviornments?

  1. ?
  2. ?
  3. ?
A
  • burrows
  • dark pigmentation
  • sun basking
56
Q

How can grasshoppers acclimate themselves to temperature?

A

adjust varying intensity of pigmentation [melanin] during development

57
Q

range of enviornmental temperatures over which metabolic rate of homeothermic animal does not change

A

Thermal neutral zone

58
Q

What happens when outside the thermal neutral zone?

A

enviornmental stress and death may occur

59
Q

In what enviornment would you expect a wide range of temperature/ climate?

a) tundra
b) tropical rain
c) tropical savannah

A

a) tundra

60
Q

How are big ‘ol sharks endothermic?

A

they have countercurrent arteries and veins; blood away from the heart is warming incoming blood from muscles

61
Q

How can lil ‘ol bumblebees generate heat for themselves?

Are they ectotherms or endotherms?

A
  • they leave their wings in one place, but use the muscles w/in the wings to generate heat
  • they are generally ectothermic, but can perform endothermic activity
62
Q

What state can hummingbirds get into when food is scarce?

A

torpor

63
Q

Primary ways to avoid the extreme?

A
  1. inactivity in a shelter
  2. reducing metabolic rate
64
Q

What are 2 ways to reduce metabolic rate?

A
  1. Hibernation (long-term) or torpor (short-term)
  2. Estivation during hot,dry times
65
Q

Microclimates affect the ______ experience

A

individual

66
Q

The performance of individuals varies with ___________.

A

temperature

67
Q

Some organisms are adapted to survive the extremes, and some ________ the extreme.

A

avoid

68
Q

Large scale weather variation

A

Macroclimate

69
Q

Smal scale weather variaiation

A

Microclimate

70
Q

3 important properties of water:

A
  • Specific Heat Capacity of water - absorbs heat w/o changing temp.
  • Latent Heat of Evaporation - cools things
  • Latent Heat of Fusion - as it freezes
71
Q

What are 3 ways a desert plant can reduce it’s heat storage?

A
  1. Decrease heating via conduction
  2. Increase convection cooling
  3. Reduce radiative heating

Ecology (7 decks)

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