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Ecology > QUEEEEZ TREEEE > Flashcards

QUEEEEZ TREEEE Flashcards

1
Q

Osmosis: ____ moves ___ a concentration gradient

A

water; down

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2
Q

Osmolarity presents challenges for:

A

-terrestrial animals
-terrestrial plants
marine animals

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3
Q

Most water loss by terrestrial organisms thru ___

A

evaporation

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4
Q

What happens to the gradient as moisture is added to the air?

A

Gradient becomes LESS pronounced

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5
Q

Where should evaporative coolers work best?

A

Warm, dry climates

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6
Q

Water vapor density =

A

amount of water vapor/ volume of air

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7
Q

In the___ the air at the surface of the planet can hold alot of water

A

Tropics

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8
Q

Why does the plant hold a lot of water vapor at the tropics?

A

HIGH saturation water vapor density because the air is warm in temperature

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9
Q

Greater percentage of water in ocean or freshwater?

A

Freshwater

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10
Q

In an isoosmotic aquatic organisms the internal concenration of water and salt is

A

EQUAL to their concentrations in the environment

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11
Q

What happens to water and salt in an isoosmotic organism?

A

Salt and water diffuse approximately at equal rates into and out of the organism

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12
Q

A hyperosmotic aquatic organism has a

A

LOWER internal concentration of water and a higher internal concentration of salts

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13
Q

What happens to salt and water in a hyperosmotic organism?

A

Salt diffuses out of a hyperosmotic organism at a higher rate, while water diffuses in at a higher rate

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14
Q

A hypoosmotic aquatic organism has a:

A

HIGHER internal concentration of water and a lower concentration of salts

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15
Q

What happens to salts and water in a hypoosmotic organism?

A

Salts diffuse into the organism at a higher rate while water diffuses out at a higher rate

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16
Q

Water potential (Ψ(psi)) =

A

capacity of water to perform work

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17
Q

Water potential relates to water’s ability/likelihood to

A

evaporate
move
enter the roots

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18
Q

in nature water potential (Ψ) is usually

A

NEGATIVE

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19
Q

What are 2 major challenges of water regulation on land?

A

Evaporative loss of water to the environment

Reduced access to replaced lost water

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20
Q

How do you calculate Animals internal water?

A

ADD input sources and SUBTRACT water losses

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21
Q

Shallw dense roots are good for plants in areas __

A

good for INFREQUENT heavy rainfall

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22
Q

Deeper roots in dry environments

A

Get at water deep in the soil profile

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23
Q

What are 4 ways of water conservation observed by plants and animals?

A

Waterproof outer covering (scales, waxes, etc).
Concentrated urine / feces.
Condensing water vapor in breath.
Behavioral modifications to avoid stress times.

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24
Q

Camels - can withstand water loss up to ___

A

20%

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25
Q

How much water loss causes illness in humans?

A

5%

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26
Q

How much water loss can be fatal?

A

15+%

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27
Q

How does Saguaro Cactus maintain low water having desert life ?

A 
Trunk / arms -- water storage 			
(pleated for quick expansion)
Dense shallow roots (quick 			
absorption at surface)
Reduces evaporative loss.
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28
Q

How do scorpions maintain low water loss in desert?

A

Slow down, conserve, and stay out of sun
Long-lived
Low metabolic rates

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29
Q

How do Circadas maintain life in dry areas?

A
  • Active on hottest days.
  • Perch on branch tips (cooler microclimates).
  • Reduce abdomen temp by feeding on xylem fluid of piñon pine trees!!
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30
Q
  • Marine bony fish are____, drink seawater for salt influx
A

strongly hypoosmotic, drink seawater for salt influx

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31
Q

Freshwater Fish & Invertebrates maintain water by___

A

Hyperosmotic organisms :

  • Excrete excess water (dilute urine)
  • Replace salts
  • Gills absorb Na+ & Cl-
  • Food
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32
Q

Freshwater Protists use

A

contractile vacuole for osmoregulation

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33
Q

Only green plants can produce fuel sources through carbon fixation

A

FALSE

34
Q

___- inorganic sources of carbon and & & energy.

A

Autotroph

35
Q

____Short wavelength, high energy.

Can destroy biological molecules/function.

A

Ultraviolet (UV)

36
Q

_____Long-wavelength, low energy.

-Interacts with matter, increasing motion.

A

Infrared (IR)

37
Q

Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) occurs between___

A

Between two extremes (=400-700 nanometers)

38
Q

Most plants and algae use ____pathway

A

C3 photosynthesis

39
Q

C3 photosynthesis turns CO2 + ribulose bisphosphate (5 carbon sugar) into___

A

phosphoglyceric acid (PGA 3 carbon acid)

40
Q

C3 photosynthetic plants, to fix carbon, plants must open ___ to let in CO2

A

Stomata

41
Q

Light dependent reaction in C3 plants occurs in

A

thylakoids

42
Q

Light-independent reaction in C3 plants occurs in__

A

Stroma

43
Q

Photosynthesis in C3 plant occurs in the__

A

mesophyll cell of the plant

44
Q

C4 and CAM photosynthesis are found in__

A

Desert plants

45
Q

____Reduce internal CO2 concentrations. Increases rate of CO2 diffusion in.

A

C4 photosynthetic plants

46
Q

C4 plants have ____

A

fewer stomata open

conserve water

47
Q

___produced during carbon fixation diffuse to specialized cells surrounding___

A

Acids; bundle sheath

48
Q

CAM photosynthesis occurs in__

A

Succulent plants in arid and semi-arid environments (e.g. cactus, orchids, pineapple)

49
Q

Explain some details of CAM photosynthetic plants that make them efficient

A

Reduced water loss.
Low rates of photosynthesis.
Extremely high water efficiency.

50
Q

What does a detritivore eat, in particular?

A

Decaying plant/animal material

51
Q

What are the three feeding methods of heterotrophs?

A

Herbivores
Carnivores
Detritivores

52
Q

What are physical and chemical mechanisms of defense deployed by plants to combat herbivores

A

Plant defenses:
Physical:
- Cellulose; lignin; silica

Chemical:

  • Toxins
  • Digestion Reducing Compounds
53
Q

Herbivores face nutritional deficits of __

A

Nitrogen

54
Q

Detritivores eat foods rich in __ and poor in __

A

Carbon and energy ; Nitrogen

55
Q

Optimal foraging theory makes predictions about

A

what an animal should eat

56
Q

Which of these functions does not cost energy?

A

basking in the sun

57
Q

____study of social relations

A

Sociobiology

58
Q

Sociobiology is driven by___

A

fitness

59
Q

Fitness is defined as __

A

Reproductive contribution to the next generation

60
Q

What is defined as male?

A

Males produce smaller less energetically costly gametes

61
Q

What is defined as femaleS?

A

Females produce larger more energetically costly gametes

62
Q

Female reproduction is limited by__

A

resource access

63
Q

Male reproduction is limited by__

A

mate access

64
Q

What 3 conditions favor hermaphrodites?

A

Low mobility - large environment.
Low overlap in resource demands by M & F structures.
Sharing of costs for M & F function.

65
Q

Evolution can be driven by sexual selection if___

A

Variations lead to higher fitness

66
Q

Differences in mating success lead to __

A

Differences in reproduction rates among INDIVIDUALS

67
Q

Guppies sexual selection

A

Intersexual selection

68
Q

What color characteristics give guppies mating advantage?

A

Brightness
# of spots
Total pigmented area

69
Q

___natural selection study to test color pattern in guppies.

A

Endler

70
Q

What happened to guppies colors when freed from predation

A

Average number of spots INCREASED

71
Q

Panorpa show __selection

A

Intersexual and Intrasexual selection

72
Q

Male panorpa compete for__

A

possession of dead arthropods

73
Q

Evolution of sociality is generally accompanied by these 3 things:

A

Cooperative feeding
Defense of the social group.
Restricted reproductive opportunities.

74
Q

Cooperation usually involves___

A

exchanges of resources or other forms of assistance

75
Q

___Improve survival & reproductive rates of family members  pass on genes through reproduction of relatives

A

Inclusive fitness and Hamiltons Kin selection

76
Q

___is the tendency of an organism to stay in or habitually return to a particular area.

A

Philopatry

77
Q

Hamilton’s rule is related to ___

A

cooperative mating

78
Q

What are 3 major characteristics of Eusociality?

A
  • Individuals of >1 generation living together.
  • Cooperative care of young.
  • Division of individuals into non-reproductive and reproductive caste
79
Q

___natural selection in favor of behavior by individuals that may decrease their chance of survival but increases that of their kin (who share a proportion of their genes).

A

Kin Selection

80
Q

In european honeybees all the sisters develop from___ all the brothers develop from___

A

Sisters develop from fertilized eggs

Brothers develop from unfertilized eggs

81
Q

Hamilton’s rule allows us to predict__

A

to predict whether an individual will help kin.

Ecology (7 decks)

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