Quiz 5 (3/14) Flashcards
When are ear infections more common?
early childhood
How are ear infections treated?
80% resolved without antibiotics
some kids tubes to drain the fluid out of there ears0
Acute otitis media
Ear infections (strep pneumoniae, influenza, ect.)
Rhinosinusitis
Sinus infections
common!
Signs and symptoms of a sinus infection
trapped fluid causes pain, swelling, headache
inflammation of sinus tissue
acute, reoccurring
or chronic
How are sinus infections treated?
Nasal sprays
antibiotics are usually not needed
Rhinovirus
the common cold (100+ types)
causes 30%-50% of colds
What are the two less common causes of colds?
adenovirus, coronaviruses
What characterizes adenoviruses?
They cause severe respiratory symptoms and occur year round
Pertussis
Whooping Cough
Why are pertussis outbreaks increasing?
vaccination issues (16,000 cases a year in the US alone)
Where does pertussis bacteria attach?
ciliated bronchial epithelium
Characteristic symptoms of pertussis:
tracheal cytotoxin (excess mucus)
pertussis toxin (paralyzes cells)
List the stages of pertussis infection in order:
1) Catarrhal Stage (1-2 weeks)
2) Paroxysmal Stage (2-4 weeks)
3) Convalescent Stage (3-4 weeks)
What characterizes the Catarrhal stage?
runny nose
fever, malaise, increasing cough
most bacteria= most contagious stage
What characterizes the Paroxysmal Stage?
persistent, severe cough, vomiting
50% survival rate at this stage for kids
What characterizes the Convalescent Stage?
cough is sporadic
recovery period
What are the complications of whooping cough?
superinfection
cerebral bleeding
convulsions (oxygen deficiency)
What is the treatment of pertussis?
antibiotics in the catarrhal stage (but the disease is hard to detect in this stage)
supporting therapy during the paroxysmal stage
DTAP vaccine!
How is influenza spread?
airborne respiratory droplets, fomites, feces
Type of the flu that occurs every year; causes most epidemics, can be severe
Influenza A
Type of the flu that occurs every year; not as common as type A; moderate symptoms
Influenza B
Type of the flu that does not occur every year; mild symptoms, doesn’t cause epidemics
Influenza C
What are the two spike proteins in Influenza A?
Hemagglutinin (H) - attachment
Neuraminidase (N) - releases bacteria out of infected cells
How many possible combos of H and N variants?
198
What is an Antigenic Drift?
continual, gradual change in H and N due to random mutations. Creates sub variants
What is an Antigenic Shift?
major changes (> 50%) in spike shape or type. Why we need to develop new flu shots all the time
Where does Hemagglutinin attach in human upper respiratory cells?
a 2-6 cell receptors (mild symptoms)
Where does Hemagglutinin attach in human lower respiratory cells?
a 2-3 receptors (sever flu; inflammation in lower lungs)
Which type of cell receptors do birds have?
a 2-3
which type of cell receptors do pigs have?
a 2-3 and a 2-6 in the same cell!
allows new strains of the flu to emerge
How long do flu symptoms last?
7-10 days
What are some possible flu complications?
1) bacteria invasion of damaged lung tissue (pneumonia)
2) Reye’s syndrome- live, brain damage in kids given aspirin as treatment
What is a serve disease that targets the LRT?
Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
Is tuberculosis bacteria gram positive or negative?
Neither! Acid-fast cell wall
Infectious dose of tb bacteria:
only 10 bacteria
generation time of tb bacteria
15-20 hours
