Quiz 1 (1/20)

Question 1

Microbiology is the study of…..

Answer 1

Bacteria, Archaea, Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, Helminths, Viruses, Prions

Question 2

first person to describe “animalcules”
also created a tiny microscope

Answer 2

Anton von Leeuwenhoek

Question 3

father of epidemiology

Answer 3

John Snow

Question 4

formed the first germ theory
-discovered lactic acid in wine
-harmful pathogens can change (attenuation)

Answer 4

Louis Pasteur

Question 5

made a competing germ theory
-grew bacteria in a pure culture
-didn’t believe in attenuation (bacteria changing)

Answer 5

Robert Koch

Question 6

Koch’s 4 Postulates

Answer 6

1) the same bacteria are present in every case of the disease
2) bacteria get isolated from dead animal tissue
3) bacteria from the pure culture are inoculated into a healthy animal
4) the same bacteria must be then isolated from the newly infected animal

Question 7

discovered Penicillium (accidentally) which led to the creation of penicillin

Answer 7

Alexander Flemming

Question 8

Reasons drug resistant pathogens have developed

Answer 8

• overuse of antibiotics
• 80% of all antibiotics are used in animals
• growing range of mosquitos spreads mosquito borne disease
• warming ocean temps spread water borne disease

Question 9

Three domains of Classification (based on DNA):

Answer 9

1) Bacteria
2) Archaea
3) Eukarya

Question 10

Type of Phyla
-largest and most diverse species
-E coli, salmonella, enterica

Answer 10

Proteobacteria

Question 11

Type of Phyla
-many gram positive species
-Bacillis anthracis, Clostridium difficile, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes.

Answer 11

Firmicutes

Question 12

Type of Phyla
-include Streptomyces, the genus that produces the antibiotic streptomycin, vancomycin, etc.

Answer 12

Actinobacteria

Question 13

Type of Phyla
-extremely small mostly pathogenic

Answer 13

Chlamydiae

Question 14

Type of Phyla
- live in the mouth, and water. Some cause STD’s like syphilis or systemic diseases like Lyme disease

Answer 14

Spirochaetes

Question 15

Cell wall function:

Answer 15

maintain structure, prevent cell from bursting

Question 16

gram positive cell wall features

Answer 16

-thick peptidoglycan layer
- penicillin can only destroy gram positive cells

Question 17

gram negative cell wall features

Answer 17

• peptidoglycan between outer membrane and plasma membrane
  -outer layer contains lipopolysaccharides (toxic to human on their own)

Question 18

enzyme that links two or more amino acids in the cell wall

Answer 18

transpeptidase

Question 19

external cell structure see mostly in gram positive cells that helps bacteria attach to surfaces and aids in conjugation.

Answer 19

Pili

Question 20

external cell structure that acts like a motor on bacteria, rotating to propel the cells

Answer 20

Flagella

Question 21

type of flagella that’s inside the cell. Seen in spirochete cells. Often allows cells to travel through mucus membranes

Answer 21

Endoflagella

Question 22

sticky layer of polysaccharides and small proteins that forms an extracellular barrier between cells and the environment

Answer 22

the Glycocalyx

Question 23

functions of the glycocalyx

Answer 23

protect the pathogen!
allow it to stick to surfaces
repel immune cells
formation of biofilms

Question 24

organelle that is nucleus like, but is not encased by a membrane. Contains DNA in a single, double-stranded loop

Answer 24

Nucleiod