Quiz 3 Flashcards
Fast; non-specific immune system response
Innate Immune system
slow; specific immune system response
Acquired Immune system
components of the innate immune system
skin, mucus membranes, flora, chemical barriers
phagocytosis, inflammation, fever
components of the acquired immune system
specialized lymphocytes: B cells, T cells
antibodies
WBCs that produce chemicals resulting in inflammation, allergies, ect.
Basophils and Mast Cells (0.5-1%)
What is the function of the lymphatic system?
1) maintain fluid levels
2) react to bacteria
3) flighting cancer forming cells
4) absorbing some of the fats in our diet
What is the benefit of microbial flora?
Microbial antagonism- competitive exclusion means there is no room for bad bacteria.
They produce toxins, alter pH, and O2 availability conditions
What is the function of chemical barriers?
destroy pathogens by breaking up peptidoglycan or binding iron so bacteria can’t extract and use it
Chemical in the stomach and bile that breaks up peptidoglycan
Lysozyme
A protein that binds iron tightly so bacteria can’t extract and use it
Lactoferrin
WBC that is phagocytic and eats large parasites
Eosinophils (2-4%)
WBC that is the most numerous in the body; also phagocytic
Neutrophil (60-70%)
which types of cells are lymphocytes
natural killer cells
T-lymphocytes
B-lymphocytes
Type of WBCs that are the best phagocytes. They excel at the detection and destruction of pathogens. They also present antigens to T-cells and initiate inflammation by releasing cytokines
Monocytes/ Macrophages
WBCs that act like “tattle-tales”. They are involved in the initiation of the adaptive immune response
Dendritic Cells
Signaling proteins released by WBCs.
cytokines
Which kinds of WBCs use cytokines?
phagocytes, B cells, T cells
A life threatening immune system over reaction where an overdose of cytokines damages healthy human cells
cytokine storm
What is a common condition related to cytokine storms
ARDS (accuse respiratory distress syndrome)
What is the max temp a human fever can run before resulting in death?
107F
41 C
What is the function of TLRs?
Toll-like receptors bing to PAMPs on bacteria/viruses. They mediate human cell responses to pathogens. Different TLRs bind to specific pathogens
A chemical that increases vasodilation and vascular permeability in an acute inflammation response
histamine
Term for blood (WBCs) moving through blood vessels in the body
Diapedesis
medical term for fluid and swelling
Edema
Three steps of the immune response:
1) recognition phase- macrophages recognize trauma/infection
2) activation phase- immune cells release cytokines and other cell mediators
3) effector phase- phagocytes enter infection site and kill pathogens
Three steps of phagocytosis
1) recognition phase- TLRs bind to PAMPs
2) activation phase- bacteria cells are internalized and fuse with lysosomes
3) effector phase- bacterial cells are digested and killed by the lysosomes (spit out by enzymes)
Types of lymphocyte (within B and T cells) that attacks weird cells by secreting perforins and granzymes
natural killer cells
glycoprotein that drills holes in the membrane of target cells
Perforin
enzymes that induce cell death (apoptosis) in target cells
Granzymes
A foreign substance that provokes B cells into producing antibodies. They’re free floating in the blood/lymph
Antigen
Part of the antigen that is recognized by the host immune system
Epitope
A molecule in/on an pathogen that stimulates the innate immune system (inflammation, non-specific phagocytosis)
PAMP
Protein produced by B cells that target and bind a specific antigen (bind to epitopes)
Antibodies
Forms the antigen binding site. Can have millions of different configurations
Variable region
Determines the destination (body location) of an antibody and it’s type
Constant region
Type of antibody that is produced first after B cell activation. High numbers indicate recent infection
IgM
Type of antibody that makes up 80% of circulating antibodies. It provides immunity for fetuses and newborns
IgG; gamma globulin
Type of antibody that provides resistance in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Secretary antibody.
IgA
Where is IgA often found?
colostrum, tears
Type of antibody that pays a role in allergic reactions
IgE
Type of antibody that attaches to the surface of B cells (B cell receptors)
IgD
What do activated B cells mature into?
plasma cells and memory cells
